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Questions and Answers
What is a prototype in pharmacology?
What is a prototype in pharmacology?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the '10 Rights' of medication administration?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the '10 Rights' of medication administration?
Which pharmacologic classification is based on how a drug produces its effects on the body?
Which pharmacologic classification is based on how a drug produces its effects on the body?
Benzodiazepines fall under which type of drug classification?
Benzodiazepines fall under which type of drug classification?
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Which of the following should be verified before administering medication?
Which of the following should be verified before administering medication?
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What is the importance of learning about a patient's condition in relation to medication administration?
What is the importance of learning about a patient's condition in relation to medication administration?
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Which drug is considered a prototype for beta-lactam antibacterial drugs?
Which drug is considered a prototype for beta-lactam antibacterial drugs?
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Omitting or delaying doses of medication should be done based on which of the following?
Omitting or delaying doses of medication should be done based on which of the following?
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What is a significant pharmacokinetic difference between children ages 1-12 and adults?
What is a significant pharmacokinetic difference between children ages 1-12 and adults?
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What factor contributes to prolonged drug effects in geriatric patients?
What factor contributes to prolonged drug effects in geriatric patients?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for variations in drug pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for variations in drug pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients?
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What type of substances can pass through the cell membrane via direct penetration?
What type of substances can pass through the cell membrane via direct penetration?
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Which of the following is a major concern regarding medication administration in elderly patients?
Which of the following is a major concern regarding medication administration in elderly patients?
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What is primarily responsible for the selective transport of drugs based on their chemical structure?
What is primarily responsible for the selective transport of drugs based on their chemical structure?
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What is a potential consequence of decreased blood flow to muscles in pediatric patients?
What is a potential consequence of decreased blood flow to muscles in pediatric patients?
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Which factor does NOT affect drug absorption?
Which factor does NOT affect drug absorption?
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What does the bioavailability of a drug refer to?
What does the bioavailability of a drug refer to?
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Which route of drug administration is the quickest?
Which route of drug administration is the quickest?
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What is the primary disadvantage of intravenous drug administration?
What is the primary disadvantage of intravenous drug administration?
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In terms of oral medications, which form has the fastest rate of absorption?
In terms of oral medications, which form has the fastest rate of absorption?
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Which of the following is NOT a legitimate consideration for the administration site of a drug?
Which of the following is NOT a legitimate consideration for the administration site of a drug?
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What is clinical pharmacology primarily concerned with?
What is clinical pharmacology primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a property of an ideal drug?
Which of the following is NOT considered a property of an ideal drug?
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What does pharmacotherapy primarily involve?
What does pharmacotherapy primarily involve?
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Which drug name category is capitalized?
Which drug name category is capitalized?
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What is one of the therapeutic objectives for drug therapy?
What is one of the therapeutic objectives for drug therapy?
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Which of the following sources is considered a newer source of drugs?
Which of the following sources is considered a newer source of drugs?
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Which of the following is a property generally associated with an ideal drug?
Which of the following is a property generally associated with an ideal drug?
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Which of the following drug names is an example of a sound-alike medication?
Which of the following drug names is an example of a sound-alike medication?
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Which of the following describes a drug-drug interaction that results in a total effect greater than the sum of its parts?
Which of the following describes a drug-drug interaction that results in a total effect greater than the sum of its parts?
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What is a key strategy for minimizing adverse drug-drug interactions?
What is a key strategy for minimizing adverse drug-drug interactions?
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Which type of drug is least likely to create a new pharmacological response?
Which type of drug is least likely to create a new pharmacological response?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of drug-drug interactions?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of drug-drug interactions?
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Which of the following drugs would likely be classified as a metal chelating agent?
Which of the following drugs would likely be classified as a metal chelating agent?
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Which of the following best describes the interaction type where the effect is reduced to less than the individual effects?
Which of the following best describes the interaction type where the effect is reduced to less than the individual effects?
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What type of toxicity is characterized by QT prolongation and can lead to Torsades de Pointe?
What type of toxicity is characterized by QT prolongation and can lead to Torsades de Pointe?
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Which approach is crucial when a patient is taking a drug with a low therapeutic index?
Which approach is crucial when a patient is taking a drug with a low therapeutic index?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology studies drugs that alter functions of living organisms, focusing on human applications through clinical pharmacology.
- Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) involves the use of drugs for prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of diseases.
Drug Sources
- Traditional sources: plants, animals, minerals.
- Modern sources: biotechnology and synthetic drugs.
Properties of an Ideal Drug
- Effectiveness: reliably produces desired clinical effect.
- Safety: minimal risk of harmful effects.
- Selectivity: specifically targets desired cells/tissues.
- Convenience: ease of administration.
Additional Drug Considerations
- Minimal interactions with other drugs or food.
- Cost-effective for patients.
- Chemical stability and predictability of effects.
- Simplicity in naming and ease of administration.
Drug Naming
- Chemical names: e.g., N-acetyl-para-aminophenol.
- Generic names: e.g., acetaminophen.
- Trade/Brand names: e.g., Tylenol.
Categories of Drug Classifications
- Chemical Characteristics: based on the drug's mechanism (e.g., benzodiazepines).
- Therapeutic Classifications: based on clinical usage (e.g., anticoagulants).
- Pharmacologic Classifications: based on action (e.g., diuretics).
Prototypes in Drug Categories
- Prototypes exemplify certain drug categories, making them easier to remember, e.g., morphine for opioids and penicillin for antibiotics.
Ten Rights of Medication Administration
- Ensures safe and effective delivery: right drug, dose, patient, route, time, reason, documentation, teaching, evaluation, and right to refuse.
Nursing Responsibilities in Drug Administration
- Adhere to the "rights" consistently.
- Verify and interpret prescriber orders accurately.
- Use approved abbreviations and label checks to prevent errors.
Pharmacokinetic Processes
- Four processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
- Absorption rate impacts the onset of drug action and bioavailability is crucial for drug efficacy.
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
- Influenced by dissolution rate, route of administration, blood flow, surface area, and presence of other substances.
- Gastrointestinal factors such as blood flow and enzyme actions also play critical roles.
Routes of Administration
- Various routes include oral, parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous), and topical, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages.
Drug-Drug Interactions
- Types include additive, synergistic, and inhibitory interactions, which may enhance or reduce drug effects.
- Potential for creation of new responses necessitates careful monitoring.
Consequences of Drug-Drug Interactions
- Can intensify or reduce therapeutic/adverse effects and may create unique responses requiring further investigation.
Organ-Specific Toxicity
- Toxic effects can target specific organs: cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and more, leading to complications like QT prolongation or Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Variations in Pediatric Pharmacokinetics
- Unique considerations for children ages 1-12 include irregular gastric emptying, increased skin permeability, immature organ functions, and a higher body water percentage.
Variations in Geriatric Pharmacokinetics
- Elderly patients experience slower drug absorption and prolonged effects due to decreased liver function and sensory perception changes.
- High prevalence of polypharmacy increases risk for adverse reactions.
Beers Criteria
- Guidelines established by the American Geriatrics Society to identify medications that require careful use in elderly patients.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the basics of pharmacology and drug therapy with this quiz designed for BIO 3310. Explore key concepts such as the effects of drugs, clinical pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy. Perfect for students in human physiology and pharmacology courses.
