Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes called?
What is the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes called?
- Medication Therapy
- Pharmacology
- Pharmacotherapy (correct)
- Drug Therapy
Which of the following is NOT a source of drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a source of drugs?
- Animals
- Synthetic compounds (correct)
- Plants
- Minerals
What is the main difference between local and systemic effects of medications?
What is the main difference between local and systemic effects of medications?
- Systemic medications are not absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Local medications are applied directly to the site of action.
- Systemic medications are absorbed into the bloodstream. (correct)
- Local medications are absorbed into the bloodstream.
Which of these is NOT commonly used to classify drugs?
Which of these is NOT commonly used to classify drugs?
Which of these is a TRUE statement?
Which of these is a TRUE statement?
What is the primary reason why pharmacological knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals?
What is the primary reason why pharmacological knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals?
Which of the following is NOT a way to classify drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a way to classify drugs?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of both local and systemic medications?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of both local and systemic medications?
Which Act specifically regulates the manufacturing and distribution of controlled substances?
Which Act specifically regulates the manufacturing and distribution of controlled substances?
Which of the given acts establishes the criteria for purity and strength of drugs?
Which of the given acts establishes the criteria for purity and strength of drugs?
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is primarily responsible for:
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is primarily responsible for:
Which agency is directly involved in the approval process for new prescription drugs?
Which agency is directly involved in the approval process for new prescription drugs?
Which act determines which medications require a prescription from a healthcare professional?
Which act determines which medications require a prescription from a healthcare professional?
Which agency is primarily responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs?
Which agency is primarily responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs?
The Controlled Substances Act can be found under which title of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act?
The Controlled Substances Act can be found under which title of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act?
How many categories of controlled substances are defined by the Controlled Substances Act?
How many categories of controlled substances are defined by the Controlled Substances Act?
What are prototypes in the context of drug classifications?
What are prototypes in the context of drug classifications?
Which of the following drugs is a prototype for opioid analgesics?
Which of the following drugs is a prototype for opioid analgesics?
What type of drug name often represents the chemical composition?
What type of drug name often represents the chemical composition?
Why does using different drug names increase the risk of misuse?
Why does using different drug names increase the risk of misuse?
What is required before drugs can be marketed in the United States?
What is required before drugs can be marketed in the United States?
Are over-the-counter (OTC) medications regulated by law?
Are over-the-counter (OTC) medications regulated by law?
Which healthcare professional is legally able to write prescriptions?
Which healthcare professional is legally able to write prescriptions?
Which organization is responsible for approving new drugs in the U.S.?
Which organization is responsible for approving new drugs in the U.S.?
What is a potential action that the FDA can take regarding prescription drugs?
What is a potential action that the FDA can take regarding prescription drugs?
Which law requires that official drugs meet standards of purity and strength?
Which law requires that official drugs meet standards of purity and strength?
What distinguishes nonprescription (OTC) drugs from prescription drugs?
What distinguishes nonprescription (OTC) drugs from prescription drugs?
Which of the following is included in the National Patient Safety Goals?
Which of the following is included in the National Patient Safety Goals?
Which of the following is a less authoritative source of drug information?
Which of the following is a less authoritative source of drug information?
What is the focus of the QSEN initiative related to drug administration?
What is the focus of the QSEN initiative related to drug administration?
In studying pharmacology, what is recommended when taking notes?
In studying pharmacology, what is recommended when taking notes?
What does 'Beers Criteria' refer to in the context of medication safety?
What does 'Beers Criteria' refer to in the context of medication safety?
Which of these actions is NOT a primary function of cells?
Which of these actions is NOT a primary function of cells?
What is the main reason why drugs need to cross cell membranes?
What is the main reason why drugs need to cross cell membranes?
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic shared by all cells?
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic shared by all cells?
Which pathway refers to the transport of drugs throughout the body, allowing them to reach their intended target?
Which pathway refers to the transport of drugs throughout the body, allowing them to reach their intended target?
Which of the following is NOT a way in which cells communicate with each other?
Which of the following is NOT a way in which cells communicate with each other?
What is the primary purpose of drug transport pathways and mechanisms?
What is the primary purpose of drug transport pathways and mechanisms?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about cells?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about cells?
What is the key requirement for a drug to effectively stimulate or inhibit cellular function?
What is the key requirement for a drug to effectively stimulate or inhibit cellular function?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences serum drug level?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences serum drug level?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which drugs can exert their effects through receptor binding?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which drugs can exert their effects through receptor binding?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a drug that acts through nonreceptor mechanisms?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a drug that acts through nonreceptor mechanisms?
What is the minimum effective concentration (MEC) of a drug?
What is the minimum effective concentration (MEC) of a drug?
Which of the following is NOT a way that toxic concentration of a drug can occur?
Which of the following is NOT a way that toxic concentration of a drug can occur?
Which of the following BEST describes the action of an agonist drug?
Which of the following BEST describes the action of an agonist drug?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about drug half-life?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about drug half-life?
Which of the following BEST describes the role of bioavailability in drug action?
Which of the following BEST describes the role of bioavailability in drug action?
Which of the following drug-related variables can influence the absorption and distribution of a medication?
Which of the following drug-related variables can influence the absorption and distribution of a medication?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a drug-related interaction that can increase therapeutic or adverse effects?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a drug-related interaction that can increase therapeutic or adverse effects?
Which of these can decrease the therapeutic or adverse effects of a drug?
Which of these can decrease the therapeutic or adverse effects of a drug?
Which of the following is a patient-related variable that can significantly influence drug response?
Which of the following is a patient-related variable that can significantly influence drug response?
Which of the following statements about adverse effects of drugs is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about adverse effects of drugs is TRUE?
Which of the following is NOT a type of adverse effect that can occur with drug administration?
Which of the following is NOT a type of adverse effect that can occur with drug administration?
Which of the following BEST describes pharmacogenomics?
Which of the following BEST describes pharmacogenomics?
What are boxed warnings intended to do?
What are boxed warnings intended to do?
What can result from an overdose of medication?
What can result from an overdose of medication?
Which of the following scenarios can lead to an overdose?
Which of the following scenarios can lead to an overdose?
What is one of the main goals when treating an overdose?
What is one of the main goals when treating an overdose?
What may be involved in a drug overdose aside from prescription drugs?
What may be involved in a drug overdose aside from prescription drugs?
Which action is NOT typically taken to prevent further harm from an overdose?
Which action is NOT typically taken to prevent further harm from an overdose?
What is the primary purpose of biotransformation in drug metabolism?
What is the primary purpose of biotransformation in drug metabolism?
Which organs are primarily involved in drug metabolism?
Which organs are primarily involved in drug metabolism?
What effect does enzyme induction have on drug metabolism?
What effect does enzyme induction have on drug metabolism?
What is meant by prodrugs in pharmacology?
What is meant by prodrugs in pharmacology?
Which system must function adequately for the excretion of medications from the body?
Which system must function adequately for the excretion of medications from the body?
How does absorption differ from distribution in pharmacology?
How does absorption differ from distribution in pharmacology?
Which factors can slow down drug metabolism?
Which factors can slow down drug metabolism?
What is the primary role of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the body?
What is the primary role of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the body?
Which of these factors does NOT directly influence the rate and extent of drug absorption?
Which of these factors does NOT directly influence the rate and extent of drug absorption?
What is the primary function of distribution in pharmacokinetics?
What is the primary function of distribution in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is NOT directly influenced by the distribution process?
Which of the following is NOT directly influenced by the distribution process?
Why is protein binding an important factor in drug distribution?
Why is protein binding an important factor in drug distribution?
How does the blood-brain barrier affect drug distribution?
How does the blood-brain barrier affect drug distribution?
Which of these statements accurately describes the relationship between pharmacokinetics and drug action?
Which of these statements accurately describes the relationship between pharmacokinetics and drug action?
What is the significance of the GI function in drug absorption?
What is the significance of the GI function in drug absorption?
Which of the following best describes the role of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following best describes the role of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?
What is the primary purpose of controlled-release medication delivery systems?
What is the primary purpose of controlled-release medication delivery systems?
What are some common examples of medications that are often delivered through pump delivery systems?
What are some common examples of medications that are often delivered through pump delivery systems?
Which of the following correctly represents the formula for calculating medication dosages?
Which of the following correctly represents the formula for calculating medication dosages?
What does the variable 'V' represent in the medication dosage calculation formula?
What does the variable 'V' represent in the medication dosage calculation formula?
Which of the following medication delivery systems is NOT typically used for local treatments?
Which of the following medication delivery systems is NOT typically used for local treatments?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of both local and systemic medication effects?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of both local and systemic medication effects?
What is the primary reason why accuracy is extremely important when calculating medication dosages?
What is the primary reason why accuracy is extremely important when calculating medication dosages?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when calculating medication dosages?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when calculating medication dosages?
Which of the following methods for order transcription is considered the least prone to errors and is the preferred method?
Which of the following methods for order transcription is considered the least prone to errors and is the preferred method?
What is the primary reason for using generic names of medications in medication orders?
What is the primary reason for using generic names of medications in medication orders?
What is the main purpose of medication reconciliation in preventing medication errors?
What is the main purpose of medication reconciliation in preventing medication errors?
Which of the following actions is NOT directly aimed at preventing medication errors in healthcare facilities?
Which of the following actions is NOT directly aimed at preventing medication errors in healthcare facilities?
What is the primary goal of the computerized, locked cabinets used in some healthcare facilities?
What is the primary goal of the computerized, locked cabinets used in some healthcare facilities?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a complete medication order as described in the given content?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a complete medication order as described in the given content?
Which of these best describes the primary benefit of limiting the use of abbreviations in medication orders?
Which of these best describes the primary benefit of limiting the use of abbreviations in medication orders?
Why is it important for nurses to be familiar with commonly used abbreviations?
Why is it important for nurses to be familiar with commonly used abbreviations?
What is the primary method of administration for medications classified as parenteral?
What is the primary method of administration for medications classified as parenteral?
Which type of syringe may come prefilled with medication?
Which type of syringe may come prefilled with medication?
What influence does the gauge of a syringe have?
What influence does the gauge of a syringe have?
What condition is REQUIRED for medications intended for injection?
What condition is REQUIRED for medications intended for injection?
What is a common route of administration for topical medications?
What is a common route of administration for topical medications?
How does the route of administration affect medication delivery?
How does the route of administration affect medication delivery?
Which of the following statements about the parenteral route is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about the parenteral route is FALSE?
Which type of container is NOT typically used for medications designed for injection?
Which type of container is NOT typically used for medications designed for injection?
What is the primary function of the nursing process in drug therapy?
What is the primary function of the nursing process in drug therapy?
Which of the following elements is NOT part of the nursing process?
Which of the following elements is NOT part of the nursing process?
Which aspect is considered during the assessment phase of the nursing process?
Which aspect is considered during the assessment phase of the nursing process?
What role does patient teaching play in drug therapy?
What role does patient teaching play in drug therapy?
What is the goal of promoting general nondrug interventions in drug therapy?
What is the goal of promoting general nondrug interventions in drug therapy?
Which patient factor is essential to evaluate before initiating drug therapy?
Which patient factor is essential to evaluate before initiating drug therapy?
During which phase of the nursing process is individualized care primarily established?
During which phase of the nursing process is individualized care primarily established?
Which statement accurately reflects the importance of the nursing process in drug therapy?
Which statement accurately reflects the importance of the nursing process in drug therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a common site for subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injections?
Which of the following is NOT a common site for subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injections?
Which of the following injection sites requires a physician to administer the injection?
Which of the following injection sites requires a physician to administer the injection?
What is the primary reason why needleless systems were developed?
What is the primary reason why needleless systems were developed?
Which of the following is NOT a common site for intravenous (IV) injections?
Which of the following is NOT a common site for intravenous (IV) injections?
What is the purpose of syringes in medication administration?
What is the purpose of syringes in medication administration?
Which of the following injections is typically administered into the layers of skin?
Which of the following injections is typically administered into the layers of skin?
Which of the following injection sites requires specific expertise and is usually administered by a physician?
Which of the following injection sites requires specific expertise and is usually administered by a physician?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding syringes?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding syringes?
What is the primary goal of evaluating drug therapy outcomes?
What is the primary goal of evaluating drug therapy outcomes?
Which of these is NOT a factor that influences serum drug level?
Which of these is NOT a factor that influences serum drug level?
Which of the following is the BEST description of the action of an agonist drug?
Which of the following is the BEST description of the action of an agonist drug?
Which of the following are mechanisms of microbial resistance to medications?
Which of the following are mechanisms of microbial resistance to medications?
Which of the following is NOT a host defense mechanism that can impair the body's ability to fight off infections?
Which of the following is NOT a host defense mechanism that can impair the body's ability to fight off infections?
Which of these is an example of a Host Defense Mechanism impairment that can increase the risk of infection?
Which of these is an example of a Host Defense Mechanism impairment that can increase the risk of infection?
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the high rates of antimicrobial resistance associated with lower respiratory tract infections and infections related to cystic fibrosis or osteomyelitis?
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the high rates of antimicrobial resistance associated with lower respiratory tract infections and infections related to cystic fibrosis or osteomyelitis?
Which of the following would be considered a Host Defense Mechanism impairment?
Which of the following would be considered a Host Defense Mechanism impairment?
Which of the following would be considered a Host Defense Mechanism?
Which of the following would be considered a Host Defense Mechanism?
Why is the suppression of normal flora via antimicrobials considered a Host Defense Mechanism impairment?
Why is the suppression of normal flora via antimicrobials considered a Host Defense Mechanism impairment?
Which of these is not a host defense mechanism impairment?
Which of these is not a host defense mechanism impairment?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for using combination therapy of antimicrobials according to the guidelines?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for using combination therapy of antimicrobials according to the guidelines?
When selecting an older, more cost-effective drug, which guideline is being followed?
When selecting an older, more cost-effective drug, which guideline is being followed?
According to the guidelines, which of the following factors influences the route of administration (oral or IV) for systemic infections?
According to the guidelines, which of the following factors influences the route of administration (oral or IV) for systemic infections?
Which of the following is NOT a special population that requires special considerations for antimicrobial therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a special population that requires special considerations for antimicrobial therapy?
What is the recommended duration of antimicrobial therapy for an acute infection?
What is the recommended duration of antimicrobial therapy for an acute infection?
What is the PRIMARY reason why hospital-acquired infections might be more severe and difficult to manage?
What is the PRIMARY reason why hospital-acquired infections might be more severe and difficult to manage?
What is the main difference between antimicrobial therapy use guidelines #1 and #2?
What is the main difference between antimicrobial therapy use guidelines #1 and #2?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that could influence the duration of antimicrobial therapy?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that could influence the duration of antimicrobial therapy?
What are opportunistic pathogens typically associated with?
What are opportunistic pathogens typically associated with?
Which of the following statements is true regarding laboratory identification of pathogens?
Which of the following statements is true regarding laboratory identification of pathogens?
What can predispose an individual to opportunistic infections?
What can predispose an individual to opportunistic infections?
What is one reason why bacterial infections can be life-threatening?
What is one reason why bacterial infections can be life-threatening?
Which factor can lead to the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens?
Which factor can lead to the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens?
In which scenario are opportunistic infections most likely to occur?
In which scenario are opportunistic infections most likely to occur?
What is the primary clinical significance of the Gram stain procedure?
What is the primary clinical significance of the Gram stain procedure?
What distinguishes opportunistic pathogens from regular pathogens?
What distinguishes opportunistic pathogens from regular pathogens?
What is the purpose of serology in laboratory tests?
What is the purpose of serology in laboratory tests?
What is a significant consequence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms?
What is a significant consequence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms?
How can antibiotic-resistant microorganisms emerge in a host?
How can antibiotic-resistant microorganisms emerge in a host?
What is the mechanism that leads to the predominance of resistant strains of microorganisms?
What is the mechanism that leads to the predominance of resistant strains of microorganisms?
Which type of infection is often associated with high rates of antimicrobial resistance?
Which type of infection is often associated with high rates of antimicrobial resistance?
What can result from antibiotic usage that can promote superinfections?
What can result from antibiotic usage that can promote superinfections?
What role do immunosuppressive disorders play in antibiotic resistance?
What role do immunosuppressive disorders play in antibiotic resistance?
What is a consequence of antibiotic misuse and mismanagement in patients?
What is a consequence of antibiotic misuse and mismanagement in patients?
What is the mechanism by which antimicrobials often act on bacterial cells?
What is the mechanism by which antimicrobials often act on bacterial cells?
Which of the following terms describes an antimicrobial that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms?
Which of the following terms describes an antimicrobial that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms?
What is a potential outcome of the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials?
What is a potential outcome of the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials?
What type of antimicrobial action destroys bacteria directly?
What type of antimicrobial action destroys bacteria directly?
When are antimicrobial medications necessary?
When are antimicrobial medications necessary?
What is the primary reason why normal microbial flora, like those found on skin, can become a threat to health?
What is the primary reason why normal microbial flora, like those found on skin, can become a threat to health?
Which characteristic is essential for the rational use of antimicrobials?
Which characteristic is essential for the rational use of antimicrobials?
What is a common approach of broad-spectrum antibiotics compared to narrow-spectrum antibiotics?
What is a common approach of broad-spectrum antibiotics compared to narrow-spectrum antibiotics?
Which of the following groups is MOST susceptible to developing infections from normal flora?
Which of the following groups is MOST susceptible to developing infections from normal flora?
Which of the following statements accurately describes how microorganisms, like bacteria, thrive in the body?
Which of the following statements accurately describes how microorganisms, like bacteria, thrive in the body?
Which statement accurately describes a bacteriostatic antimicrobial?
Which statement accurately describes a bacteriostatic antimicrobial?
The goal of antimicrobial therapy is primarily to achieve which of the following?
The goal of antimicrobial therapy is primarily to achieve which of the following?
Identify the classification of microorganisms that is NOT typically targeted by antimicrobial medications.
Identify the classification of microorganisms that is NOT typically targeted by antimicrobial medications.
What is the MAIN reason why antimicrobial medications are NOT effective against all microorganisms?
What is the MAIN reason why antimicrobial medications are NOT effective against all microorganisms?
What is a potential consequence of suppressing normal flora with antimicrobial therapy?
What is a potential consequence of suppressing normal flora with antimicrobial therapy?
Which of the following BEST describes the key role of normal microbial flora in maintaining health?
Which of the following BEST describes the key role of normal microbial flora in maintaining health?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between prostaglandins and inflammation?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between prostaglandins and inflammation?
What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs relieve fever?
What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs relieve fever?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in prostaglandin synthesis?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in prostaglandin synthesis?
Which of these is NOT a way NSAIDs are used to reduce pain?
Which of these is NOT a way NSAIDs are used to reduce pain?
How does the use of aspirin differ from non-aspirin NSAIDs in terms of their effects on the cardiovascular system?
How does the use of aspirin differ from non-aspirin NSAIDs in terms of their effects on the cardiovascular system?
Why does acetaminophen (Tylenol) not have anti-inflammatory properties?
Why does acetaminophen (Tylenol) not have anti-inflammatory properties?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between prostaglandins and fever?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between prostaglandins and fever?
Which of these is NOT a factor that influences the effects of NSAIDs?
Which of these is NOT a factor that influences the effects of NSAIDs?
Which of the following is NOT a class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Which of the following is NOT a class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the anti-inflammatory properties of acetaminophen?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the anti-inflammatory properties of acetaminophen?
Which of the following is a characteristic of selective COX-2 inhibitor drugs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of selective COX-2 inhibitor drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a condition that NSAIDs are commonly used to treat or prevent?
Which of the following is NOT a condition that NSAIDs are commonly used to treat or prevent?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of both propionic acid derivatives and oxicam derivatives of NSAIDs?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of both propionic acid derivatives and oxicam derivatives of NSAIDs?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding acetaminophen poisoning?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding acetaminophen poisoning?
Which of the following best describes the main difference between acetaminophen and other NSAIDs?
Which of the following best describes the main difference between acetaminophen and other NSAIDs?
Which of the following is an example of a selective COX-2 inhibitor drug?
Which of the following is an example of a selective COX-2 inhibitor drug?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential risk associated with NSAID use during pregnancy?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential risk associated with NSAID use during pregnancy?
What is the primary mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout?
What is the primary mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout?
What is allopurinol's primary mechanism of action in the management of gout?
What is allopurinol's primary mechanism of action in the management of gout?
Which of the following describes a potential risk associated with NSAID use during pregnancy that could lead to anemia?
Which of the following describes a potential risk associated with NSAID use during pregnancy that could lead to anemia?
Which of the following is NOT a potential risk to the fetus associated with NSAID use during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a potential risk to the fetus associated with NSAID use during pregnancy?
Which type of pain is NSAID not recommended to treat?
Which type of pain is NSAID not recommended to treat?
What is a common indication for low-dose ASA treatment?
What is a common indication for low-dose ASA treatment?
What condition contraindicates the use of NSAIDs?
What condition contraindicates the use of NSAIDs?
Why is ASA not recommended for children?
Why is ASA not recommended for children?
Which of the following statements about NSAID use in patients with existing conditions is true?
Which of the following statements about NSAID use in patients with existing conditions is true?
What type of pain are NSAIDs and acetaminophen effective in treating?
What type of pain are NSAIDs and acetaminophen effective in treating?
Which outcome can regular low-dose ASA help prevent?
Which outcome can regular low-dose ASA help prevent?
What is a potential risk factor for the use of NSAIDs?
What is a potential risk factor for the use of NSAIDs?
What is the main mechanism by which aspirin reduces fever?
What is the main mechanism by which aspirin reduces fever?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect associated with the use of acetaminophen at therapeutic doses?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect associated with the use of acetaminophen at therapeutic doses?
What is the primary action of acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose?
What is the primary action of acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose?
What is the recommended maximum daily dose of acetaminophen from all sources?
What is the recommended maximum daily dose of acetaminophen from all sources?
Which of the following is NOT a potential sign or symptom of acetaminophen overdose?
Which of the following is NOT a potential sign or symptom of acetaminophen overdose?
How long after ingestion of acetaminophen is gastric lavage most effective in reducing overdose risk?
How long after ingestion of acetaminophen is gastric lavage most effective in reducing overdose risk?
What is the most effective time window for administering acetylcysteine to treat acetaminophen overdose?
What is the most effective time window for administering acetylcysteine to treat acetaminophen overdose?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of aspirin for the management of cardiovascular disease?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of aspirin for the management of cardiovascular disease?
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus that can activate the corticosteroid secretion system?
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus that can activate the corticosteroid secretion system?
What type of corticosteroid is primarily responsible for regulating blood sugar levels?
What type of corticosteroid is primarily responsible for regulating blood sugar levels?
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex in the corticosteroid secretion system?
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex in the corticosteroid secretion system?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the negative feedback mechanism in the corticosteroid secretion system?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the negative feedback mechanism in the corticosteroid secretion system?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of endogenous corticosteroids?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of endogenous corticosteroids?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the chemical structure of corticosteroid types?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the chemical structure of corticosteroid types?
What is the primary role of mineralocorticoids in the body?
What is the primary role of mineralocorticoids in the body?
What is the significance of corticosteroids being derived from cholesterol?
What is the significance of corticosteroids being derived from cholesterol?
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids in the body?
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glucocorticoids?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glucocorticoids?
What is the main effect of excessive androgen secretion in women?
What is the main effect of excessive androgen secretion in women?
Which of these statements accurately describes the secretion pattern of endogenous corticosteroids?
Which of these statements accurately describes the secretion pattern of endogenous corticosteroids?
Which of these is NOT a function of the adrenal sex hormones?
Which of these is NOT a function of the adrenal sex hormones?
Which of these is a TRUE statement regarding the role of androgens in women?
Which of these is a TRUE statement regarding the role of androgens in women?
Which of these is a characteristic of estrogens and progesterone in men?
Which of these is a characteristic of estrogens and progesterone in men?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between endogenous corticosteroids and their types?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between endogenous corticosteroids and their types?
What is a key contraindication for using exogenous corticosteroids?
What is a key contraindication for using exogenous corticosteroids?
Which condition may be masked by the use of exogenous corticosteroids?
Which condition may be masked by the use of exogenous corticosteroids?
Exogenous corticosteroids are indicated for which of the following conditions?
Exogenous corticosteroids are indicated for which of the following conditions?
What is the primary reason to use exogenous corticosteroids at small doses?
What is the primary reason to use exogenous corticosteroids at small doses?
Which factor may increase the risk related to the use of exogenous corticosteroids?
Which factor may increase the risk related to the use of exogenous corticosteroids?
In which scenario would the use of exogenous corticosteroids be most risky?
In which scenario would the use of exogenous corticosteroids be most risky?
Which of the following best describes the pharmacologic effects of high doses of exogenous corticosteroids?
Which of the following best describes the pharmacologic effects of high doses of exogenous corticosteroids?
Why should exogenous corticosteroids be used cautiously in patients with infections?
Why should exogenous corticosteroids be used cautiously in patients with infections?
What is the primary benefit of local administration of corticosteroids?
What is the primary benefit of local administration of corticosteroids?
What route of administration is preferred for corticosteroids?
What route of administration is preferred for corticosteroids?
What is one of the primary goals of corticosteroid therapy?
What is one of the primary goals of corticosteroid therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a desired effect of glucocorticoids?
Which of the following is NOT a desired effect of glucocorticoids?
What is the concern associated with long-term administration of high doses of corticosteroids?
What is the concern associated with long-term administration of high doses of corticosteroids?
When corticosteroids are administered for acute situations, how are the doses typically managed?
When corticosteroids are administered for acute situations, how are the doses typically managed?
What is a crucial factor in the selection of a corticosteroid for therapy?
What is a crucial factor in the selection of a corticosteroid for therapy?
What is the recommended dosage approach for corticosteroids?
What is the recommended dosage approach for corticosteroids?
Which condition might require corticosteroids to be administered in large doses for a short duration?
Which condition might require corticosteroids to be administered in large doses for a short duration?
Which of the following factors should be considered when determining the dosage of corticosteroids?
Which of the following factors should be considered when determining the dosage of corticosteroids?
Why is the frequency of administration particularly important for corticosteroids?
Why is the frequency of administration particularly important for corticosteroids?
Which characteristic of the patient must be evaluated when designing corticosteroid therapy?
Which characteristic of the patient must be evaluated when designing corticosteroid therapy?
What is a significant advantage of parenteral administration of corticosteroids compared to oral administration?
What is a significant advantage of parenteral administration of corticosteroids compared to oral administration?
What is an essential reason for tapering dosages of corticosteroids after initial high doses?
What is an essential reason for tapering dosages of corticosteroids after initial high doses?
The goal of corticosteroid therapy is to avoid which of the following?
The goal of corticosteroid therapy is to avoid which of the following?
When tailoring corticosteroid therapy, which of the following is important to consider about the medication characteristics?
When tailoring corticosteroid therapy, which of the following is important to consider about the medication characteristics?
Which of the following disorders is NOT typically treated using exogenous corticosteroids?
Which of the following disorders is NOT typically treated using exogenous corticosteroids?
How do exogenous corticosteroids primarily exert their effects at the cellular level?
How do exogenous corticosteroids primarily exert their effects at the cellular level?
How do exogenous corticosteroids influence the effects of different tissues?
How do exogenous corticosteroids influence the effects of different tissues?
Which of the following is NOT a potential indication for the use of exogenous corticosteroids?
Which of the following is NOT a potential indication for the use of exogenous corticosteroids?
What is a primary reason for the diversity of effects produced by exogenous corticosteroids?
What is a primary reason for the diversity of effects produced by exogenous corticosteroids?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the mechanism of action of exogenous corticosteroids?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the mechanism of action of exogenous corticosteroids?
What is the primary rationale for the use of exogenous corticosteroids in organ/tissue transplants and grafts?
What is the primary rationale for the use of exogenous corticosteroids in organ/tissue transplants and grafts?
Which of the following BEST describes the primary action of exogenous corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic reactions?
Which of the following BEST describes the primary action of exogenous corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic reactions?
Flashcards
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
The study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
The use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat medical conditions.
Medications
Medications
Drugs specifically used for therapeutic purposes.
Local Effects (of Medications)
Local Effects (of Medications)
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Systemic Effects (of Medications)
Systemic Effects (of Medications)
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Drug Sources
Drug Sources
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Drug Classifications
Drug Classifications
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Drug Prototype
Drug Prototype
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Prototype drug
Prototype drug
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Generic name
Generic name
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Brand name
Brand name
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Over-the-counter drugs
Over-the-counter drugs
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Prescription drugs
Prescription drugs
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Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
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Controlled Substances Act
Controlled Substances Act
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Durham-Humphrey Amendment
Durham-Humphrey Amendment
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Clinical Trials
Clinical Trials
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FDA Role
FDA Role
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Prescription to OTC
Prescription to OTC
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Medication Administration Safety
Medication Administration Safety
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ISMP
ISMP
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Drug Information Sources
Drug Information Sources
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American Hospital Formulary Service
American Hospital Formulary Service
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Effective Pharmacology Study
Effective Pharmacology Study
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Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
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FDA's CDER
FDA's CDER
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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Clinical Trials (for new drugs)
Clinical Trials (for new drugs)
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Drug Metabolism
Drug Metabolism
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Drug Excretion
Drug Excretion
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Prodrug
Prodrug
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Enzyme Inducer
Enzyme Inducer
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Enzyme Inhibitor
Enzyme Inhibitor
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Drug Distribution
Drug Distribution
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Drug Absorption
Drug Absorption
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Organs of Excretion
Organs of Excretion
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
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Onset of Drug Action
Onset of Drug Action
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Protein Binding
Protein Binding
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Blood-Brain Barrier
Blood-Brain Barrier
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Cells as factories
Cells as factories
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Basic functions of cells
Basic functions of cells
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Common characteristics of cells
Common characteristics of cells
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Key cellular functions
Key cellular functions
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Drug action on cell membranes
Drug action on cell membranes
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Drug transport through the body
Drug transport through the body
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Systemic drug effects
Systemic drug effects
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Cell membrane as a barrier
Cell membrane as a barrier
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Drug Overdose
Drug Overdose
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Overdose: Single Dose vs. Prolonged Use
Overdose: Single Dose vs. Prolonged Use
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Overdose and Types of Drugs
Overdose and Types of Drugs
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Overdose as a Medical Emergency
Overdose as a Medical Emergency
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Overdose Treatment Goals
Overdose Treatment Goals
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Drug-Related Variables
Drug-Related Variables
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Synergism
Synergism
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Drug Interactions that Decrease Effects
Drug Interactions that Decrease Effects
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Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics
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Adverse Drug Effects
Adverse Drug Effects
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Tolerance
Tolerance
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Cross-Tolerance
Cross-Tolerance
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Patient-Related Variables
Patient-Related Variables
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Serum Drug Level
Serum Drug Level
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Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)
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Toxic Concentration
Toxic Concentration
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Receptor Theory of Drug Action
Receptor Theory of Drug Action
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Agonist Drugs
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Antagonist Drugs
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Nonreceptor Drug Actions
Nonreceptor Drug Actions
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Examples of Nonreceptor Drug Actions
Examples of Nonreceptor Drug Actions
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Unit Dose System
Unit Dose System
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Computerized, Locked Cabinets
Computerized, Locked Cabinets
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CPOE
CPOE
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Point of Care Medication Administration
Point of Care Medication Administration
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Medication Reconciliation
Medication Reconciliation
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Medication Orders
Medication Orders
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Medication Order Transcription
Medication Order Transcription
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Medication Order Transcription (definition)
Medication Order Transcription (definition)
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Controlled Release Medication Systems
Controlled Release Medication Systems
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Transdermal Drug Delivery
Transdermal Drug Delivery
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Topical Medication Delivery
Topical Medication Delivery
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Calculating Medication Dosages
Calculating Medication Dosages
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Dosage Calculation Formula: D X H = V
Dosage Calculation Formula: D X H = V
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Parenteral Route
Parenteral Route
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Topical Route
Topical Route
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Vials
Vials
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Ampules
Ampules
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Prefilled Syringes
Prefilled Syringes
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Needle Gauge
Needle Gauge
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Needle Length
Needle Length
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Sterility in Injections
Sterility in Injections
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Needleless Systems
Needleless Systems
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Syringes
Syringes
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Subcutaneous Injections
Subcutaneous Injections
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Intramuscular Injections
Intramuscular Injections
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Intravenous Injections
Intravenous Injections
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Intradermal Injections
Intradermal Injections
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Intra-arterial Injections
Intra-arterial Injections
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Intrathecal Injections
Intrathecal Injections
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Nondrug Interventions
Nondrug Interventions
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Drug Therapy Evaluation Criteria
Drug Therapy Evaluation Criteria
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Drug Therapy Outcomes Timeframe
Drug Therapy Outcomes Timeframe
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Examples of Nondrug Interventions
Examples of Nondrug Interventions
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Drug Therapy Goals Focus
Drug Therapy Goals Focus
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Importance of Nondrug Interventions
Importance of Nondrug Interventions
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Promoting Rest and Sleep
Promoting Rest and Sleep
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Monitoring Vital Signs and Data
Monitoring Vital Signs and Data
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Nursing Process in Drug Therapy
Nursing Process in Drug Therapy
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Assessment in Medication History
Assessment in Medication History
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Medication History Questions
Medication History Questions
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General Nondrug Interventions
General Nondrug Interventions
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Nursing Diagnosis in Drug Therapy
Nursing Diagnosis in Drug Therapy
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Planning in Drug Therapy
Planning in Drug Therapy
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Interventions in Drug Therapy
Interventions in Drug Therapy
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Evaluation in Drug Therapy
Evaluation in Drug Therapy
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What are antimicrobial medications used for?
What are antimicrobial medications used for?
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How do microorganisms cause infections?
How do microorganisms cause infections?
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What is normal microbial flora?
What is normal microbial flora?
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When can normal microbial flora cause disease?
When can normal microbial flora cause disease?
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How can antimicrobial medications affect normal flora?
How can antimicrobial medications affect normal flora?
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How do microorganisms adapt to avoid being destroyed?
How do microorganisms adapt to avoid being destroyed?
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What are the major classifications of microorganisms?
What are the major classifications of microorganisms?
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Are antimicrobial medications effective against all microorganisms?
Are antimicrobial medications effective against all microorganisms?
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Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic Infections
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Who is vulnerable to opportunistic infections?
Who is vulnerable to opportunistic infections?
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Gram Stain
Gram Stain
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Culture (in lab identification)
Culture (in lab identification)
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Opportunistic Pathogens
Opportunistic Pathogens
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Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
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How are infectious diseases spread?
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What does the Gram Stain test reveal?
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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
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Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms
Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms
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How Antibiotic Resistance Develops (1)
How Antibiotic Resistance Develops (1)
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How Antibiotic Resistance Develops (2)
How Antibiotic Resistance Develops (2)
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How Antibiotic Resistance Develops (3)
How Antibiotic Resistance Develops (3)
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How Antibiotic Resistance Develops (4)
How Antibiotic Resistance Develops (4)
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Antibiotic Resistance in Respiratory Infections
Antibiotic Resistance in Respiratory Infections
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Identifying Pathogens and Resistance
Identifying Pathogens and Resistance
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Bactericidal drugs
Bactericidal drugs
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Bacteriostatic drugs
Bacteriostatic drugs
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Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
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Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
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How important are antibiotics?
How important are antibiotics?
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What can happen if antibiotics are overused?
What can happen if antibiotics are overused?
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What is pharmacotherapy?
What is pharmacotherapy?
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What is pharmacokinetics?
What is pharmacokinetics?
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What types of infections are difficult to treat?
What types of infections are difficult to treat?
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What is microbial resistance?
What is microbial resistance?
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How do microbes become resistant?
How do microbes become resistant?
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What are host defense mechanisms?
What are host defense mechanisms?
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What are some examples of host defense mechanisms?
What are some examples of host defense mechanisms?
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What are host defense impairments?
What are host defense impairments?
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What are some examples of host defense impairments?
What are some examples of host defense impairments?
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What are some other examples of host defense impairments?
What are some other examples of host defense impairments?
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Cost-Effective Antimicrobial Therapy
Cost-Effective Antimicrobial Therapy
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Combination Antimicrobial Therapy
Combination Antimicrobial Therapy
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Antimicrobial Therapy Routes
Antimicrobial Therapy Routes
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Antibiotic Duration of Therapy
Antibiotic Duration of Therapy
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Antibiotics Use in Special Populations
Antibiotics Use in Special Populations
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Community-Acquired Infection
Community-Acquired Infection
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Hospital-Acquired Infection
Hospital-Acquired Infection
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Antimicrobial Therapy
Antimicrobial Therapy
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Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins
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NSAIDs
NSAIDs
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COX (Cyclooxygenase)
COX (Cyclooxygenase)
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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How NSAIDs reduce fever
How NSAIDs reduce fever
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How NSAIDs reduce pain
How NSAIDs reduce pain
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Acetaminophen vs. NSAIDs
Acetaminophen vs. NSAIDs
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NSAIDs' anti-platelet effect
NSAIDs' anti-platelet effect
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Why are NSAIDs contraindicated during pregnancy?
Why are NSAIDs contraindicated during pregnancy?
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What causes Gout?
What causes Gout?
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How does colchicine work?
How does colchicine work?
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What does allopurinol do?
What does allopurinol do?
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What triggers Gout pain?
What triggers Gout pain?
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NSAIDs for Pain Relief
NSAIDs for Pain Relief
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Acetaminophen: Pain and Fever Relief
Acetaminophen: Pain and Fever Relief
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Aspirin for Heart Health
Aspirin for Heart Health
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NSAIDs and Stomach Risks
NSAIDs and Stomach Risks
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Alcohol and NSAID Risks
Alcohol and NSAID Risks
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Aspirin: Not for Kids
Aspirin: Not for Kids
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NSAID Allergies
NSAID Allergies
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NSAIDs and Kidney Function
NSAIDs and Kidney Function
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Acetaminophen Poisoning
Acetaminophen Poisoning
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Ibuprofen
Ibuprofen
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Meloxicam
Meloxicam
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Indomethacin
Indomethacin
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Celecoxib
Celecoxib
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NSAID Uses
NSAID Uses
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Acetaminophen (Pain Relief)
Acetaminophen (Pain Relief)
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Aspirin's actions
Aspirin's actions
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Acetaminophen's key properties
Acetaminophen's key properties
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Acetaminophen's potential toxicity
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Acetaminophen overdose effects
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Acetaminophen overdose treatment
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Salicylates and pain blocking
Salicylates and pain blocking
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Low-dose aspirin for heart conditions
Low-dose aspirin for heart conditions
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Acetaminophen's available forms
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Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
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Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
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Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
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Endogenous Corticosteroids
Endogenous Corticosteroids
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Adrenal Sex Hormones
Adrenal Sex Hormones
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Exogenous Corticosteroids
Exogenous Corticosteroids
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Corticosteroid Secretion System
Corticosteroid Secretion System
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone
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Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
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Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
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Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
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Cortisol
Cortisol
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Cyclic Secretion of Corticosteroids
Cyclic Secretion of Corticosteroids
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Adrenal Sex Hormones
Adrenal Sex Hormones
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Masculinizing Effect
Masculinizing Effect
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Negative Feedback System
Negative Feedback System
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What are corticosteroids?
What are corticosteroids?
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What's the main goal of corticosteroid therapy?
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What factors impact the choice of a corticosteroid?
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How is corticosteroid dosage determined?
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What's the general principle for corticosteroid dosage?
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Is corticosteroid therapy curative?
Is corticosteroid therapy curative?
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Local Corticosteroid Administration
Local Corticosteroid Administration
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Preferred Route for Corticosteroids
Preferred Route for Corticosteroids
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Major Adverse Effect of Long-Term Corticosteroid Use
Major Adverse Effect of Long-Term Corticosteroid Use
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Corticosteroid Dosage for Acute Situations
Corticosteroid Dosage for Acute Situations
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Scheduling Corticosteroids
Scheduling Corticosteroids
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Conditions Managed with Corticosteroids
Conditions Managed with Corticosteroids
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Choosing Corticosteroid Administration
Choosing Corticosteroid Administration
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Routes for Corticosteroid Administration
Routes for Corticosteroid Administration
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What are exogenous corticosteroids?
What are exogenous corticosteroids?
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How do exogenous corticosteroids work?
How do exogenous corticosteroids work?
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Why are exogenous corticosteroids contraindicated in systemic fungal infections?
Why are exogenous corticosteroids contraindicated in systemic fungal infections?
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How are exogenous corticosteroids dosed?
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What are important considerations for patients taking exogenous corticosteroids?
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Who needs to be cautious when using exogenous corticosteroids?
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What's a critical aspect of stopping exogenous corticosteroids?
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What are important long-term considerations for exogenous corticosteroid use?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms
- Pharmacotherapy is the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes
- Medications are drugs given for therapeutic purposes
Effects of Medications
- Local effects act primarily at the site of application
- Systemic effects are taken into the body, circulated through the bloodstream to sites of action, and eliminated from the body
Drug Sources
- Drugs come from plants, animals, minerals, and synthetic compounds
Drug Classifications and Prototypes
- Drugs are classified by their effects on particular body systems, therapeutic uses, and chemical characteristics
- Prototypes are individual drugs that represent groups of drugs, often the first of a particular group developed
- Examples: Morphine (opioid analgesics), Penicillin (beta-lactam antibacterial drugs)
Drug Names
- Drugs have generic (chemical or official) names and brand (trade) names
- Using both names can cause confusion
Over-the-Counter Medications
- Over-the-counter medications are legally regulated
Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs
- Prescription medications require a healthcare professional's written order
- Nonprescription medications (over-the-counter) do not require a prescription but are still regulated by law
FDA and Drug Approval
- FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) approves new prescription drugs yearly
- CDER approves OTC drugs (over-the-counter)
- CDER determines the need for clinical trials
- The FDA is responsible for ensuring drug safety and efficacy before they can be marketed and it requires specific testing standards (Phases 1-4)
Safety in Drug Administration
- Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
- National Patient Safety Goals
- The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
- Rights off Medication Administration
- "Do Not Use" list of unacceptable abbreviations
- Targeted High-Risk Activities
- High-Alert Medications
- Pregnancy Categories for Safety
- Beers Criteria
Sources and Authoritative Sources of Drug Information
- Pharmacology textbooks, drug reference books, journal articles, and the internet
- More authoritative resources such as the American Hospital Formulary Service and less authoritative resources such as the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR)
Study Strategies for Pharmacology
- Concentrate on therapeutic classifications and prototypes
- Connect new drug information to known similar drugs or prototypes
- Focus on drugs' main characteristics
- Use your own words when taking notes
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
- Passed in 1970
- Title II: Controlled Substances Act
- Regulates manufacturing and distribution of
- Narcotics
- Depressants
- Stimulants
- Hallucinogens
- Anabolic steroids
- Regulates manufacturing and distribution of
- Also includes categories (schedules) I-V for controlled substances to categorize drugs based on potential for abuse and/or medical use
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
- Enforces the Controlled Substances Act
- Registers individuals and companies legally allowed to handle controlled substances
- Regulates documentation and handling of controlled substances
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Description
Test your knowledge of pharmacology with this quiz covering drug effects, sources, classifications, and names. Understand the difference between local and systemic effects, as well as the significance of prototypes in drug therapy. Perfect for students and professionals in the health sciences.
