Jersey College Pharmacology Week 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes called?

  • Medication Therapy
  • Pharmacology
  • Pharmacotherapy (correct)
  • Drug Therapy

    • Which of the following is NOT a source of drugs?

  • Animals
  • Synthetic compounds (correct)
  • Plants
  • Minerals

    • What is the main difference between local and systemic effects of medications?

  • Systemic medications are not absorbed into the bloodstream.
  • Local medications are applied directly to the site of action.
  • Systemic medications are absorbed into the bloodstream. (correct)
  • Local medications are absorbed into the bloodstream.

    • Which of these is NOT commonly used to classify drugs?

    <p>Frequency of Use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a TRUE statement?

    <p>Medications are drugs given for therapeutic purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why pharmacological knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to classify drugs?

    <p>By their dosage forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of both local and systemic medications?

    <p>They both can have unintended side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Act specifically regulates the manufacturing and distribution of controlled substances?

    <p>Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the given acts establishes the criteria for purity and strength of drugs?

    <p>Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is primarily responsible for:

    <p>Enforcing the Controlled Substances Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency is directly involved in the approval process for new prescription drugs?

    <p>U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act determines which medications require a prescription from a healthcare professional?

    <p>Durham-Humphrey Amendment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency is primarily responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs?

    <p>FDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Controlled Substances Act can be found under which title of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act?

    <p>Title II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many categories of controlled substances are defined by the Controlled Substances Act?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are prototypes in the context of drug classifications?

    <p>Individual drugs that are exemplars of a drug class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a prototype for opioid analgesics?

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug name often represents the chemical composition?

    <p>Generic name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does using different drug names increase the risk of misuse?

    <p>Confusion between generic and brand names may occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required before drugs can be marketed in the United States?

    <p>They must meet specific testing standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are over-the-counter (OTC) medications regulated by law?

    <p>Yes, they are regulated by various drug laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which healthcare professional is legally able to write prescriptions?

    <p>Physician assistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for approving new drugs in the U.S.?

    <p>Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential action that the FDA can take regarding prescription drugs?

    <p>Change their status to over-the-counter (OTC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law requires that official drugs meet standards of purity and strength?

    <p>Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes nonprescription (OTC) drugs from prescription drugs?

    <p>Prescription drugs are written by licensed healthcare providers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is included in the National Patient Safety Goals?

    <p>‘Do Not Use’ list of unacceptable abbreviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a less authoritative source of drug information?

    <p>Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the QSEN initiative related to drug administration?

    <p>Quality and safety education for healthcare professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In studying pharmacology, what is recommended when taking notes?

    <p>Use one's own words to summarize drug information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Beers Criteria' refer to in the context of medication safety?

    <p>Criteria for high-alert medications in older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these actions is NOT a primary function of cells?

    <p>Eliminating waste products from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why drugs need to cross cell membranes?

    <p>To reach their target site and exert their effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic shared by all cells?

    <p>Having a rigid cell wall for structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway refers to the transport of drugs throughout the body, allowing them to reach their intended target?

    <p>Systemic Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way in which cells communicate with each other?

    <p>Via the exchange of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of drug transport pathways and mechanisms?

    <p>To deliver drugs to their intended target sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about cells?

    <p>Cells are highly specialized and perform unique functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key requirement for a drug to effectively stimulate or inhibit cellular function?

    <p>To reach and interact with the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences serum drug level?

    <p>Route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which drugs can exert their effects through receptor binding?

    <p>Directly altering DNA structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a drug that acts through nonreceptor mechanisms?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum effective concentration (MEC) of a drug?

    <p>The concentration of drug required to achieve clinical efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way that toxic concentration of a drug can occur?

    <p>Rapid excretion of the drug from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the action of an agonist drug?

    <p>It enhances or mimics the action of a naturally occurring substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a TRUE statement about drug half-life?

    <p>It refers to the time it takes for the drug concentration in the blood to decrease by 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the role of bioavailability in drug action?

    <p>It refers to the amount of drug that reaches the target tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug-related variables can influence the absorption and distribution of a medication?

    <p>Route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a drug-related interaction that can increase therapeutic or adverse effects?

    <p>Antidote medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these can decrease the therapeutic or adverse effects of a drug?

    <p>Increased metabolism rate of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a patient-related variable that can significantly influence drug response?

    <p>Pharmacogenomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about adverse effects of drugs is TRUE?

    <p>All drugs can potentially produce adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of adverse effect that can occur with drug administration?

    <p>Synergistic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes pharmacogenomics?

    <p>The study of how genetic variations affect drug response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are boxed warnings intended to do?

    <p>Highlight the most serious adverse effects of a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from an overdose of medication?

    <p>Damaged body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios can lead to an overdose?

    <p>Injesting a single large dose of medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals when treating an overdose?

    <p>To support and stabilize vital functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be involved in a drug overdose aside from prescription drugs?

    <p>Alcohol and over-the-counter medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT typically taken to prevent further harm from an overdose?

    <p>Increasing drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of biotransformation in drug metabolism?

    <p>To alter drugs from their original form into a new form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are primarily involved in drug metabolism?

    <p>Liver and gastrointestinal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does enzyme induction have on drug metabolism?

    <p>It accelerates the rate of drug metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by prodrugs in pharmacology?

    <p>Inactive compounds that become active upon metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system must function adequately for the excretion of medications from the body?

    <p>Circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does absorption differ from distribution in pharmacology?

    <p>Absorption refers to drug intake, while distribution refers to drug transport within the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can slow down drug metabolism?

    <p>Enzyme inhibition and certain medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the body?

    <p>To break down medications for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors does NOT directly influence the rate and extent of drug absorption?

    <p>Patient's mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of distribution in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Transporting drug molecules to various sites within the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT directly influenced by the distribution process?

    <p>The onset of drug action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is protein binding an important factor in drug distribution?

    <p>It determines the amount of free drug available to exert its effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the blood-brain barrier affect drug distribution?

    <p>It prevents most drugs from entering the brain and cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements accurately describes the relationship between pharmacokinetics and drug action?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics determines the rate of drug absorption, while pharmacodynamics determines the duration of drug action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the GI function in drug absorption?

    <p>GI function can affect the rate and extent of drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Metabolism increases the drug's water solubility, facilitating its excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of controlled-release medication delivery systems?

    <p>To release medication gradually over an extended period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common examples of medications that are often delivered through pump delivery systems?

    <p>Insulin, opioid analgesics, and anticancer medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents the formula for calculating medication dosages?

    <p>D = X x H / V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the variable 'V' represent in the medication dosage calculation formula?

    <p>The volume or unit of the medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medication delivery systems is NOT typically used for local treatments?

    <p>Controlled-release tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of both local and systemic medication effects?

    <p>They both involve the medication entering the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why accuracy is extremely important when calculating medication dosages?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when calculating medication dosages?

    <p>The patient's occupation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods for order transcription is considered the least prone to errors and is the preferred method?

    <p>Computer entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using generic names of medications in medication orders?

    <p>To avoid confusion with brand names, which could lead to medication errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of medication reconciliation in preventing medication errors?

    <p>To identify and resolve any discrepancies in medication lists between different care settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is NOT directly aimed at preventing medication errors in healthcare facilities?

    <p>Encouraging the use of abbreviations to shorten medication orders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the computerized, locked cabinets used in some healthcare facilities?

    <p>To ensure the security and accountability of medications, particularly controlled substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a complete medication order as described in the given content?

    <p>The prescriber's professional license number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the primary benefit of limiting the use of abbreviations in medication orders?

    <p>It reduces the risk of misinterpretations that can lead to medication errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for nurses to be familiar with commonly used abbreviations?

    <p>To ensure that they understand the content of medication orders from physicians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administration for medications classified as parenteral?

    <p>Injections into a muscle or vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of syringe may come prefilled with medication?

    <p>Prefilled syringe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence does the gauge of a syringe have?

    <p>It indicates the thickness of the solution being administered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is REQUIRED for medications intended for injection?

    <p>They must maintain sterility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common route of administration for topical medications?

    <p>Application to skin or mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the route of administration affect medication delivery?

    <p>It can influence absorption rate and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the parenteral route is FALSE?

    <p>It involves topical application of medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of container is NOT typically used for medications designed for injection?

    <p>Plastic bottles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nursing process in drug therapy?

    <p>To provide a systematic approach for individualized patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT part of the nursing process?

    <p>Social assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is considered during the assessment phase of the nursing process?

    <p>Determining the patient's current medications and history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does patient teaching play in drug therapy?

    <p>It enhances the therapeutic effects and reduces adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of promoting general nondrug interventions in drug therapy?

    <p>To prevent or decrease the necessity for drug therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient factor is essential to evaluate before initiating drug therapy?

    <p>The patient's ability to verbalize medication knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the nursing process is individualized care primarily established?

    <p>Planning/establishing goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the importance of the nursing process in drug therapy?

    <p>It facilitates a comprehensive approach to safeguard patient care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common site for subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injections?

    <p>Forearms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following injection sites requires a physician to administer the injection?

    <p>Intra-articular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why needleless systems were developed?

    <p>To prevent injury and the spread of blood-borne pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common site for intravenous (IV) injections?

    <p>Deltoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of syringes in medication administration?

    <p>To measure doses accurately and administer medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following injections is typically administered into the layers of skin?

    <p>Intradermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following injection sites requires specific expertise and is usually administered by a physician?

    <p>Intrathecal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding syringes?

    <p>Syringes are calibrated to measure doses accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evaluating drug therapy outcomes?

    <p>To monitor for potential adverse effects and ensure the medication is working as intended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor that influences serum drug level?

    <p>Administration of other medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the BEST description of the action of an agonist drug?

    <p>A drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are mechanisms of microbial resistance to medications?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a host defense mechanism that can impair the body's ability to fight off infections?

    <p>Enhanced immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of a Host Defense Mechanism impairment that can increase the risk of infection?

    <p>Suppression of immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contributing factor to the high rates of antimicrobial resistance associated with lower respiratory tract infections and infections related to cystic fibrosis or osteomyelitis?

    <p>These infections often involve multiple organisms, making it more challenging to eliminate them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be considered a Host Defense Mechanism impairment?

    <p>Insertion of prosthetic devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be considered a Host Defense Mechanism?

    <p>Mechanical movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the suppression of normal flora via antimicrobials considered a Host Defense Mechanism impairment?

    <p>It weakens the immune system, making it more susceptible to infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is not a host defense mechanism impairment?

    <p>Mechanical movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for using combination therapy of antimicrobials according to the guidelines?

    <p>Treatment of chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When selecting an older, more cost-effective drug, which guideline is being followed?

    <p>Cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the guidelines, which of the following factors influences the route of administration (oral or IV) for systemic infections?

    <p>Severity of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a special population that requires special considerations for antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Individuals with diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration of antimicrobial therapy for an acute infection?

    <p>7 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PRIMARY reason why hospital-acquired infections might be more severe and difficult to manage?

    <p>They often involve drug-resistant microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between antimicrobial therapy use guidelines #1 and #2?

    <p>Guideline #1 focuses on types of infections, while guideline #2 focuses on route of administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that could influence the duration of antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Patient age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are opportunistic pathogens typically associated with?

    <p>Increased growth in severely burned patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding laboratory identification of pathogens?

    <p>Microbial culture helps in identifying drug-resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can predispose an individual to opportunistic infections?

    <p>Use of intravenous catheters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why bacterial infections can be life-threatening?

    <p>They can involve drug-resistant microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can lead to the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens?

    <p>Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario are opportunistic infections most likely to occur?

    <p>In patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical significance of the Gram stain procedure?

    <p>It identifies the microscopic appearance of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes opportunistic pathogens from regular pathogens?

    <p>Opportunistic pathogens can cause disease in compromised hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of serology in laboratory tests?

    <p>IDs infectious agent via antibody levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms?

    <p>Increase mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can antibiotic-resistant microorganisms emerge in a host?

    <p>By exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism that leads to the predominance of resistant strains of microorganisms?

    <p>Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics that suppress normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection is often associated with high rates of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Lower respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from antibiotic usage that can promote superinfections?

    <p>Interruption of or inadequate antimicrobial treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do immunosuppressive disorders play in antibiotic resistance?

    <p>They allow for the development of microbial resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of antibiotic misuse and mismanagement in patients?

    <p>Development of multi-drug resistant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which antimicrobials often act on bacterial cells?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes an antimicrobial that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms?

    <p>Broad spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials?

    <p>Development of drug-resistant infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antimicrobial action destroys bacteria directly?

    <p>Bactericidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are antimicrobial medications necessary?

    <p>When the host's immune system is compromised, leading to ineffective defenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why normal microbial flora, like those found on skin, can become a threat to health?

    <p>They can be suppressed by antibiotic therapy, allowing potential pathogens to proliferate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is essential for the rational use of antimicrobials?

    <p>Eradication of the causative microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common approach of broad-spectrum antibiotics compared to narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

    <p>Act against a wider variety of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is MOST susceptible to developing infections from normal flora?

    <p>Older adult patients with compromised immune systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes how microorganisms, like bacteria, thrive in the body?

    <p>They attach to host cells, invade tissues, multiply, and produce infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a bacteriostatic antimicrobial?

    <p>It prevents bacterial reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of antimicrobial therapy is primarily to achieve which of the following?

    <p>Return host to full physiologic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the classification of microorganisms that is NOT typically targeted by antimicrobial medications.

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAIN reason why antimicrobial medications are NOT effective against all microorganisms?

    <p>Antimicrobial medications only target specific types of microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of suppressing normal flora with antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Increased risk of infections caused by potential pathogens that were previously inhibited by the normal flora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the key role of normal microbial flora in maintaining health?

    <p>They compete with potential pathogens for resources and space, thus preventing infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between prostaglandins and inflammation?

    <p>Prostaglandins play a role in both causing and reducing inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs relieve fever?

    <p>By reducing the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to pyrogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in prostaglandin synthesis?

    <p>COX-1 and COX-2 are both involved in the production of prostaglandins, but COX-2 is more selective in its activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a way NSAIDs are used to reduce pain?

    <p>NSAIDs directly inhibit the production of endorphins, which are natural pain relievers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the use of aspirin differ from non-aspirin NSAIDs in terms of their effects on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Aspirin has an antiplatelet effect that is not shared by other NSAIDs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does acetaminophen (Tylenol) not have anti-inflammatory properties?

    <p>Acetaminophen does not inhibit COX-1 or COX-2 enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between prostaglandins and fever?

    <p>Prostaglandins cause fever by increasing the set point of the body's thermostat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor that influences the effects of NSAIDs?

    <p>The patient's genetic predisposition to certain inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

    <p>Sulfa derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the anti-inflammatory properties of acetaminophen?

    <p>Acetaminophen lacks anti-inflammatory properties but can be used as an analgesic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of selective COX-2 inhibitor drugs?

    <p>They selectively block production of prostaglandins associated with pain and inflammation without blocking those associated with protective effects on gastric mucosa, kidney function, and platelet aggregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a condition that NSAIDs are commonly used to treat or prevent?

    <p>Migraines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of both propionic acid derivatives and oxicam derivatives of NSAIDs?

    <p>They both inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding acetaminophen poisoning?

    <p>Acetaminophen poisoning can occur with a single large dose or with chronic ingestion of excessive doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the main difference between acetaminophen and other NSAIDs?

    <p>Acetaminophen lacks anti-inflammatory properties unlike NSAIDs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a selective COX-2 inhibitor drug?

    <p>Celecoxib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential risk associated with NSAID use during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased risk of gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout?

    <p>It reduces the inflammatory response to urate crystals in the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is allopurinol's primary mechanism of action in the management of gout?

    <p>It directly blocks the synthesis of uric acid in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a potential risk associated with NSAID use during pregnancy that could lead to anemia?

    <p>Gastrointestinal blood loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential risk to the fetus associated with NSAID use during pregnancy?

    <p>Potential for postpartum hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pain is NSAID not recommended to treat?

    <p>Visceral pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common indication for low-dose ASA treatment?

    <p>History of ischemic stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition contraindicates the use of NSAIDs?

    <p>Peptic ulcer disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ASA not recommended for children?

    <p>Risk of Reye syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about NSAID use in patients with existing conditions is true?

    <p>NSAIDs may increase the risk of serious GI adverse events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain are NSAIDs and acetaminophen effective in treating?

    <p>Acute pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome can regular low-dose ASA help prevent?

    <p>Heart attack recurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk factor for the use of NSAIDs?

    <p>Gastric bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which aspirin reduces fever?

    <p>Acting on the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect associated with the use of acetaminophen at therapeutic doses?

    <p>Liver damage in individuals who abuse alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Stimulating the production of glutathione, a key enzyme involved in detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum daily dose of acetaminophen from all sources?

    <p>4 g (4000 mg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential sign or symptom of acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Suppressed blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after ingestion of acetaminophen is gastric lavage most effective in reducing overdose risk?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective time window for administering acetylcysteine to treat acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Within 8 hours of ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of aspirin for the management of cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Low doses are indicated to manage acute myocardial infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a stimulus that can activate the corticosteroid secretion system?

    <p>Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of corticosteroid is primarily responsible for regulating blood sugar levels?

    <p>Glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex in the corticosteroid secretion system?

    <p>Produce and release corticosteroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the negative feedback mechanism in the corticosteroid secretion system?

    <p>High levels of corticosteroid hormones inhibit the release of ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of endogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the chemical structure of corticosteroid types?

    <p>Slight differences in chemical structures lead to different functionalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mineralocorticoids in the body?

    <p>Maintaining electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of corticosteroids being derived from cholesterol?

    <p>It suggests they share a common origin with other steroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids in the body?

    <p>Maintain fluid-electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glucocorticoids?

    <p>They primarily influence salt and water metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of excessive androgen secretion in women?

    <p>Development of secondary male characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements accurately describes the secretion pattern of endogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>They are secreted in the largest amount upon awakening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function of the adrenal sex hormones?

    <p>Regulation of fluid-electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a TRUE statement regarding the role of androgens in women?

    <p>They can cause masculinizing effects when secreted in excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a characteristic of estrogens and progesterone in men?

    <p>Excessive secretion can cause feminizing effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between endogenous corticosteroids and their types?

    <p>Glucocorticoids are the most prevalent type of endogenous corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key contraindication for using exogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may be masked by the use of exogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>Infection symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exogenous corticosteroids are indicated for which of the following conditions?

    <p>Rheumatic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason to use exogenous corticosteroids at small doses?

    <p>To store normal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor may increase the risk related to the use of exogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would the use of exogenous corticosteroids be most risky?

    <p>A patient with peptic ulcer disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pharmacologic effects of high doses of exogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>To create new effects not seen with physiologic doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should exogenous corticosteroids be used cautiously in patients with infections?

    <p>They can mask signs and symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of local administration of corticosteroids?

    <p>Reduces the risk of systemic toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What route of administration is preferred for corticosteroids?

    <p>Oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary goals of corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Reduce symptoms to a tolerable level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a desired effect of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Antipyretic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern associated with long-term administration of high doses of corticosteroids?

    <p>Loss of adrenocortical function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When corticosteroids are administered for acute situations, how are the doses typically managed?

    <p>Large doses for a short duration followed by tapering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial factor in the selection of a corticosteroid for therapy?

    <p>The required route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage approach for corticosteroids?

    <p>Use the smallest effective dose for the shortest time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might require corticosteroids to be administered in large doses for a short duration?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors should be considered when determining the dosage of corticosteroids?

    <p>Severity of the disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the frequency of administration particularly important for corticosteroids?

    <p>Most adverse effects occur with long-term high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of the patient must be evaluated when designing corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Expected adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of parenteral administration of corticosteroids compared to oral administration?

    <p>Faster onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential reason for tapering dosages of corticosteroids after initial high doses?

    <p>To prevent withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of corticosteroid therapy is to avoid which of the following?

    <p>Serious adverse reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When tailoring corticosteroid therapy, which of the following is important to consider about the medication characteristics?

    <p>The specific pharmacologic effects of the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is NOT typically treated using exogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>Infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do exogenous corticosteroids primarily exert their effects at the cellular level?

    <p>By binding to receptors and altering gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do exogenous corticosteroids influence the effects of different tissues?

    <p>Their effects vary depending on the genetic makeup of the target tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential indication for the use of exogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>Treatment of bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for the diversity of effects produced by exogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>The wide variety of genes that can be influenced by corticosteroid binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the mechanism of action of exogenous corticosteroids?

    <p>They bind to receptors and alter gene expression, influencing protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary rationale for the use of exogenous corticosteroids in organ/tissue transplants and grafts?

    <p>To suppress the immune system, reducing the risk of rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the primary action of exogenous corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic reactions?

    <p>Suppressing the inflammatory response triggered by allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Pharmacology

    • Pharmacology is the study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms
    • Pharmacotherapy is the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes
    • Medications are drugs given for therapeutic purposes

    Effects of Medications

    • Local effects act primarily at the site of application
    • Systemic effects are taken into the body, circulated through the bloodstream to sites of action, and eliminated from the body

    Drug Sources

    • Drugs come from plants, animals, minerals, and synthetic compounds

    Drug Classifications and Prototypes

    • Drugs are classified by their effects on particular body systems, therapeutic uses, and chemical characteristics
    • Prototypes are individual drugs that represent groups of drugs, often the first of a particular group developed
      • Examples: Morphine (opioid analgesics), Penicillin (beta-lactam antibacterial drugs)

    Drug Names

    • Drugs have generic (chemical or official) names and brand (trade) names
    • Using both names can cause confusion

    Over-the-Counter Medications

    • Over-the-counter medications are legally regulated

    Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs

    • Prescription medications require a healthcare professional's written order
    • Nonprescription medications (over-the-counter) do not require a prescription but are still regulated by law

    FDA and Drug Approval

    • FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) approves new prescription drugs yearly
    • CDER approves OTC drugs (over-the-counter)
    • CDER determines the need for clinical trials
    • The FDA is responsible for ensuring drug safety and efficacy before they can be marketed and it requires specific testing standards (Phases 1-4)

    Safety in Drug Administration

    • Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
    • National Patient Safety Goals
    • The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
    • Rights off Medication Administration
    • "Do Not Use" list of unacceptable abbreviations
    • Targeted High-Risk Activities
    • High-Alert Medications
    • Pregnancy Categories for Safety
    • Beers Criteria

    Sources and Authoritative Sources of Drug Information

    • Pharmacology textbooks, drug reference books, journal articles, and the internet
    • More authoritative resources such as the American Hospital Formulary Service and less authoritative resources such as the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR)

    Study Strategies for Pharmacology

    • Concentrate on therapeutic classifications and prototypes
    • Connect new drug information to known similar drugs or prototypes
    • Focus on drugs' main characteristics
    • Use your own words when taking notes

    Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

    • Passed in 1970
    • Title II: Controlled Substances Act
      • Regulates manufacturing and distribution of
        • Narcotics
        • Depressants
        • Stimulants
        • Hallucinogens
        • Anabolic steroids
    • Also includes categories (schedules) I-V for controlled substances to categorize drugs based on potential for abuse and/or medical use

    Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

    • Enforces the Controlled Substances Act
    • Registers individuals and companies legally allowed to handle controlled substances
    • Regulates documentation and handling of controlled substances

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 1: The Foundation of Pharmacology: Quality and Safety PDF
    Chapter 2 Basic Concepts and Processes PDF
    Medication Administration And Nursing Process Of Drug Therapy PDF
    Chapter 15 Inflammation, Infection, and Antimicrobial Agents PDF
    Chapter 16 Drug Therapy to Decrease Pain, Fever, and Inflammation PDF
    Drug Therapy With Corticosteroids PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of pharmacology with this quiz covering drug effects, sources, classifications, and names. Understand the difference between local and systemic effects, as well as the significance of prototypes in drug therapy. Perfect for students and professionals in the health sciences.

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