Introduction to Pharmacology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary advantage of transdermal patches?

  • They provide immediate drug release.
  • They must be administered multiple times a day.
  • They are convenient for constant drug delivery. (correct)
  • They eliminate all side effects.

Which of the following is an example of a topical drug administration?

  • Nicotine patch
  • Eye drops for conjunctivitis (correct)
  • General anesthetic gas
  • Intranasal decongestant spray

What is a disadvantage of using transdermal drug delivery?

  • They can cause skin irritation such as erythema. (correct)
  • Localized effects are often minimized.
  • They require a needle for administration.
  • They are less effective than oral medications.

What characterizes intranasal drug administration?

<p>It bypasses first pass metabolism and can cause systemic effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which administration route is typically used for both systemic effects and localized respiratory tract effects?

<p>Aerosol antiasthmatic agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacokinetics describe?

<p>The body's effects on a drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes an adverse reaction to a drug?

<p>A harmful or unpleasant response occurring at normal doses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of toxicology within pharmacology?

<p>Investigating toxic effects of drugs on animals or cell cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines side effects?

<p>Unintended effects associated with the pharmacological properties of a drug at normal doses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main study area of clinical pharmacology?

<p>Assessing the efficacy and safety of drugs on humans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of pharmacokinetics?

<p>Drug interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism of action of a drug refers to what?

<p>The specific way a drug interacts with receptors or enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the concentration of a drug in the body?

<p>The pharmacokinetic processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as a sudden decrease in response to a drug after repeated administration within short intervals?

<p>Tachyphylaxis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug nomenclature is used officially and kept uniform by a specific body?

<p>Generic name (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs refers to the loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial or antitumor medications?

<p>Drug resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reaction to a drug that decreases after prolonged exposure?

<p>Tolerance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a prodrug?

<p>A drug that is administered in an inactive form and activated in the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a natural source of drugs?

<p>Seeds of opium poppy for opioids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a commercial name of a drug?

<p>It may differ across different countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What example best represents a time-related adverse reaction to a drug?

<p>Diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the generic name for the drug brand Tylenol®?

<p>Acetaminophen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class includes propranolol?

<p>Beta-blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a typical use of drugs for prevention?

<p>Vaccine to prevent infectious diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chemical name of a drug?

<p>1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphtylloxy)propan-2-ol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug must be used under medical supervision due to potential misuse?

<p>Prescription drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacological effect does amphetamine exhibit?

<p>CNS stimulant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of drug classification?

<p>Cultural significance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for sildenafil citrate?

<p>Viagra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug formulations is designed to melt at body temperature within a body cavity other than the mouth?

<p>Suppository (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of sublingual or buccal drug administration?

<p>Avoids first-pass metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration is characterized by the risk of bacterial infection and thrombophlebitis?

<p>Intravenous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using rectal drug administration?

<p>Unreliable absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting the choice of drug administration route?

<p>Condition of the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the absorption rate of subcutaneous injection compare to intravenous and intramuscular routes?

<p>Slower than both intravenous and intramuscular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes ensures that a drug is not metabolized by the liver before entering circulation?

<p>Intravenous (B), Buccal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason to choose the intravenous route for drug administration?

<p>To control the drug amount delivered accurately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug formulation is not typically included in the parenteral routes?

<p>Capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common application of intrathecal administration?

<p>Treatment of CNS diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration?

<p>Utilizes first-pass metabolism (C), Inconvenient for unconscious patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes is least reliable for drug absorption?

<p>Rectal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epidural administration is primarily used in which context?

<p>Anesthesia during surgical procedures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes is utilized for administering drugs directly into the bloodstream?

<p>Intra-arterial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmacology

The study of how drugs interact with biological systems. It encompasses pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug) and pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body).

Pharmacy

The professional practice and study of drugs. It includes pharmacology, drug formulation, medicinal chemistry, dispensing, and proper drug utilization.

Toxicology

The study of the toxic effects of drugs, typically researched in animals or cell cultures. It also encompasses adverse effects.

Clinical Pharmacology

The study of drugs in humans, encompassing both patients and healthy volunteers. It investigates drug efficacy, safety, comparisons with other drugs, and adverse effects.

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Pharmacokinetics

Describes how the body processes a drug, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It determines the concentration of the drug in the body and circulation.

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Pharmacodynamics

Describes how a drug interacts with the body. It includes the drug's mechanism of action (how it works), its effects (therapeutic, side effects, adverse effects, toxic effects), and interactions with other drugs.

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Side Effect

An unwanted effect of a drug that occurs at a normal dose and is related to the drug's pharmacological properties. It is typically dose-dependent.

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Adverse Reaction

A harmful or unpleasant drug response that is unintended and can occur at normal doses. It can be dose-related, non-dose-related, or time-related.

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Generic Name

The name that identifies a drug based on its chemical structure and is used universally by scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Brand Name

The official name given to a drug by its manufacturer. It's the name you see on the label, in advertisements, and when prescribing the drug.

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Prodrug

A drug that is administered in an inactive form. It gets converted into an active form in the body through metabolism.

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Prototype Drug

An original drug that sets the standard for similar drugs developed later. Other drugs in the same class are often compared to the prototype.

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Chemotherapeutic Drugs

Drugs given to treat diseases and infections by targeting specific microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.

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Pharmacological Effect Classification

Drugs that are classified based on how they affect the body, like their ability to stimulate or depress the nervous system.

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Natural Source Classification

Drugs classified by where they are obtained, such as from plants, animals, or synthetically.

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Chemical Structure Classification

Drugs classified based on their chemical structure.

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Topical Administration

A method of drug administration where the drug is applied directly to the skin surface or a mucous membrane, such as the eyes, nose, ears, lungs, or vagina.

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Transdermal Patch

A drug delivery system that involves placing a patch on the skin to allow for continuous drug release over a specific period.

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Parenteral Administration

A drug administration route that involves injecting a drug directly into a vein, muscle, or other tissue.

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Inhalation

The use of a drug through inhalation, usually as a gas or aerosol. This method can deliver drugs systemically (throughout the body) or locally to the respiratory tract.

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Intranasal Administration

Drug administration through the nasal passages, usually by sniffing or snorting. This method allows for fast absorption and bypasses the first-pass metabolism, leading to rapid effects.

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Tolerance

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. It develops gradually, often after days or weeks.

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Tachyphylaxis

A sudden and rapid decrease in the effectiveness of a drug after repeated administration within short time intervals. Occurs within minutes.

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Drug resistance

Loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial or antitumor drugs.

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Commercial name

A name assigned by the manufacturer to a drug, often catchy and easy to remember. It may differ across countries.

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Street name

A slang name for street drugs, which are legal substances sold without a prescription or illegal substances.

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Hypersensitivity

A type of adverse reaction where the body reacts negatively to a drug, but the reaction is unrelated to the dosage.

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Time-related adverse reaction

A type of adverse reaction where the body reacts negatively to a drug, and the reaction is dependent on the dosage or duration of use, but not the initial dose.

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Tablet

A solid dosage form containing a single dose of medicine in a compact, easy-to-swallow form.

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Capsule

A gelatinous container filled with powder or liquid medicine, designed to be swallowed whole.

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Suppository

A solid medication designed to melt in a body cavity, other than the mouth, at body temperature.

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Ointment

A medication that is applied directly to the skin.

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Enteral administration

The delivery of medicine into the gastrointestinal tract.

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Sublingual administration

Medicine administered under the tongue, allowing it to bypass first-pass metabolism.

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Buccal administration

Medicine administered between the inner cheek and gum, allowing rapid absorption.

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First-pass metabolism

The reduction in a drug's concentration by the liver before it reaches systemic circulation.

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Intravenous administration

The injection of medicine directly into a vein, allowing rapid distribution throughout the body.

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Intramuscular administration

The injection of medicine into a muscle, allowing slow and sustained release.

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Subcutaneous administration

The injection of medicine under the skin, allowing slow absorption and longer effect.

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Epidural administration

The injection of medicine into the epidural space of the spine, primarily used for pain relief, especially during labor.

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Intrathecal administration

The injection of medicine into the space beneath the spinal membranes, used for treating diseases of the central nervous system.

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Intra-arterial administration

The injection of medicine directly into an artery, used to deliver drugs to specific organs or to diagnose conditions.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmacology and Routes of Administration

  • Pharmacology is the study of drugs
  • It examines the interaction between drugs and biological systems
  • It considers what happens to the drug in the body (pharmacokinetics) and how the drug impacts the body (pharmacodynamics)
  • Pharmacology includes different branches such as clinical pharmacology and toxicology

Branches of Pharmacology

  • Toxicology studies the harmful effects of drugs, usually on animals or cell cultures. It also investigates adverse effects
  • Clinical Pharmacology examines the effects of drugs on humans (and healthy volunteers). This involves studying efficacy, safety, comparing drugs and their adverse effects.

Terminology

  • Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and influences how drug concentration changes in the body
  • Pharmacodynamics investigates how the drug affects the body, describing the mechanism of action (how it works), the drug's effects (therapeutic, side, toxic), and drug interactions

Terminology - Side Effects

  • Side effects are unintended effects that occur at typical doses due to the drug's pharmacological properties
  • They are often dose-related
  • Examples include warfarin (anticoagulant causing excessive bleeding) and propranolol (beta-blocker causing bradycardia)

Terminology - Adverse Reactions

  • Adverse reactions are harmful or unpleasant responses to drugs, even at typical doses
  • They may be dose-related, or occur over time
  • Examples include excessive bleeding from warfarin, hypersensitivity to antibiotics, and osteoporosis or diabetes from steroids

Terminology - Tolerance

  • Tolerance occurs when the body's reaction to a drug decreases after prolonged use
  • Tolerance develops gradually over days or weeks
  • To maintain the same effect, a higher dose of the drug is required (e.g., opioids)

Terminology - Tachyphylaxis

  • Tachyphylaxis is the rapid onset of tolerance to a drug after repeated use, often within minutes
  • This can occur, for instance, with local anaesthetics.

Terminology - Drug Resistance

  • Drug resistance occurs when antimicrobial or antitumor drugs lose their effectiveness
  • Drugs may become less effective due to mutations that help the bacterium resist the drug

Diminution of a Response

  • Tachyphylaxis/Desensitization is a rapid response to a drug, diminishing within minutes
  • Tolerance emerges more gradually, occurring over days or weeks, requiring the patient to increase the dose.
  • Drug resistance leads to decreased drug effectiveness to antimicrobial/antitumor drugs.

Uses of Drugs

  • Drugs can be used for diagnosis (e.g., barium sulfate in X-rays), treatment (e.g., paracetamol for headaches, penicillin for infections), prevention (vaccination, antimalarial drugs), and changing physiological function (e.g., contraceptives).

Nomenclature of Drugs

  • Generic name (non-proprietary): Officially approved name, uniform, used in medical communication
  • Chemical name: Describes the drug's chemical structure (often complex and not used in everyday practice)
  • Commercial name (proprietary/trade/brand): Assigned by the manufacturer; catchy, short, and often linked to clinical use
  • Street name: Informal names for drugs, not used in medical settings, often tied to illegal/non-medical channels

Drug Classification

  • Drugs can be classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, physiological effect, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use,and natural source

Drugs - Prototype and Prodrugs

  • A prototype drug is a key drug in a class; a standard to evaluate new drugs
  • A prodrug is an inactive drug that the body converts into an active drug upon ingestion (e.g., fosphenytoin)

Drugs - Prescription vs. Non-Prescription Drugs

  • Prescription drugs need a doctor's order, are intended to be used under medical oversight, and can have risks/potential for misuse.
  • Non-prescription drugs are generally considered safe for public use without a doctor's order (e.g., paracetamol, vitamins).

Drug Formulation

  • Drugs come in various forms, including liquids (suspension, elixir, syrup, ointment), tablets, capsules, suppositories, powders, and gases

Routes of Drug Administration

  • Drug administration can be categorized into enteral (intestinal), parenteral (alternate routes), and topical.
  • Enteral routes involve the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal).
  • Parenteral routes bypass the GI tract (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intra-thecal, epidural, transdermal).

Factors Affecting Route of Choice

  • Properties of the drug, site of action, absorption rate, influence by gastric fluids, treatment type, dosage needed, and patient status all affect the best route

Advantages and Disadvantages of Oral Administration

  • Advantages: commonly used, safe, accessible
  • Disadvantages: often subject to first-pass metabolism, can be affected by gastric acids, and can be unpalatable.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Other Routes of Administration

  • Each route has varying advantages and disadvantages concerning safety, speed, degree of patient compliance, and the nature and potential side effects of the drug.

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Introduction To Pharmacology And Routes Of Administration PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of pharmacology, including drug interactions with biological systems. It covers key concepts such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the branches of pharmacology like toxicology and clinical pharmacology.

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