Pharm 1: L1
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Define pharmacology

A branch of science dealing with physical and chemical properties, actions, absorption and fate of chemical substances termed “drugs” that modify biological function

Define Drug

Chemical substances that modify biological function

Define Biologic

Work to target specific immunological method or process

What are examples of a biologic?

<p>Vaccines, bacterrins, antibody products, and diagnostic kits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Pesticides

<p>Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying , repelling or mitigating any pest; use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant, and use nitrogen as a stabilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define pest

<p>Living organisms that occur where they aren’t wanted or that cause damage to : crops, animals, humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which U.S. institution regulates human and animal drugs, human vaccines and medical devices?

<p>FDA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the USDA in the United States?

<p>Regulates biologics (e.g. vaccines, antitoxins, and diagnostics used to prevent, treat, or diagnose animal disease) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which U.S. institution is responsible for regulating pesticides?

<p>EPA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What institution in the U.S. regulates controlled drugs?

<p>DEA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What Canadian institution regulates both drugs and pesticides?

<p>Health Canada (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Canada, which institution is responsible for regulating biologics?

<p>CFIA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the institutions EPA (U.S.) and Health Canada have in common?

<p>Both regulate pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Canadian institution is equivalent to the USDA in regulating biologics?

<p>CFIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NDC?

<p>National drug code; it’s assigned by FDA on all OTC and RX medication once they’ve passed the approval process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NDC is for all drugs, including human drugs

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NADA?

<p>New animal drug application number; these are FDA approved drugs for use in animals only vet drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three labels that are used to signify it’s approved in veterinary medicine?

<p>NADA, ANADA, CNADA</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the USA, biologics are characterized by a serial number

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Canada, pesticides are characterized by an assigned registration number

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of medicated feed in the U.S.?

<p>Type A, B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match to the correct feed type

<p>Type C = Premixes of nutritional supplements and medicated feed Free bee = Free bee Type A = Most concentrated, used to manufacture the types B+C Type B = Premixes of nutritional supplements and medicated feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pesticides are drugs!

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pesticides can’t be used as extra label drug use

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match to the correct definition

<p>Pharmaceuticals = Physical and chemical properties Pharmacoodynamics = Action Pharmacokinetics = Action and fate Drugs = Chemical substances used to modify biological function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of animal health products?

<p>Drugs, Devices, pesticides and biologics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a device and a drug?

<p>With a drug, the reaction occurs within the body vs a reaction not occurring within the body is deemed a device</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term “extra label” mean?

<p>It’s another route of administration or use in another species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can you find the list of approved drugs in the U.S.?

<p>Greenbook by FDA , VetGRAM by FARAD, EPA for pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can you find the list of approved drugs and pesticides in Canada?

<p>This is found via Health approved Canada . Health approved Canada lists include marketed drugs and pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Once a drug is discovered, what needs to be done in order to determine if the drug is worth developing or not?

<p>A limited number of studies on limited number of animals needs to be performed in order to get an idea if the product will be safe and effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the approval process for veterinary drugs?

<p>Open Investigate New Animal Drug file (INAD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Once the approval is granted, you may start to perform a plethora of studies to target ……

<p>Animal safety, Effectiveness, human food and safety, chemistry, manufacturing and controls, environmental impact and all other info</p> Signup and view all the answers

As the studies are performed to evaluate safety and efficacy (among others), the results need to be included in the label of that product to know if the information is correct and reliable

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Once all of the information has been approved for the product, what can you obtain?

<p>Obtain the NADA application number</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main outcomes for veterinary medicine of research on drugs already labeled?

<p>Contact the manufacturer for extra label (drug) use, and non-profits may want to know about residues if you use it in extra label manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match to the correct definition

<p>Posology = The study and branch of medicine concerned with dose Dosage = Recommended amount of drug per unit of body weight or amount of drug per unit of surface area Dose = Amount of drug (molecule) to be administered to the patient to achieve a certain effect Concentration = Amount of drugs per unit of volume from the stock supply of medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to report dose and dosage accurately in veterinary medicine?

<p>To provide information on the molecule, dose, route and frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can veterinarians use extra-label drugs in veterinary medicine?

<p>In all species, except food-producing animals if it causes illegal food residue or public health risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any ______; use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant.

<p>pest</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of nitrogen as a ______ is important for stabilizing certain substances.

<p>stabilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pesticides can function as a ______, which can alter the growth or development of plants.

<p>plant regulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some substances may act as a ______ to speed up the removal of leaves from a plant.

<p>defoliant</p> Signup and view all the answers

The goal of using substances like pesticides is to mitigate the effects of harmful ______ on crops.

<p>pests</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Pharmacology?

The study of how drugs interact with living organisms, including their physical and chemical properties, actions, absorption, and fate.

What is a Drug?

Chemical substances that alter biological function. They can be natural or synthetic.

What is a Biologic?

Biological products that target specific immunological processes. They are made from living organisms.

What is a Pesticide?

Substances used to control pests that are harmful to crops, animals, or humans.

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What is a pest?

Living organisms that cause damage or occur where they are not wanted.

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What is the FDA?

The primary regulatory body for drugs, vaccines, and medical devices in the United States. It ensures their safety and effectiveness.

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What is the USDA?

The agency responsible for regulating biologics for animals, ensuring the safety of livestock and poultry products.

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What is the EPA?

The Environmental Protection Agency, responsible for regulating pesticides and other chemicals to protect human health and the environment.

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What is the DEA?

The Drug Enforcement Administration, tasked with regulating and controlling drugs that have potential for abuse.

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What is Health Canada?

The agency in Canada that regulates both drugs and pesticides, ensuring their safety and efficacy.

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What is the CFIA?

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency responsible for regulating biologics used in animals, similar to the USDA in the U.S.

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What is the NDC?

A unique 10-character code assigned by the FDA to every drug marketed in the U.S.

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Does the FDA regulate all drugs?

The FDA regulates all drugs, including those for humans.

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What do the EPA and Health Canada have in common?

Both the EPA (U.S.) and Health Canada are responsible for regulating pesticides. They ensure pesticides are safe for use.

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Which Canadian institution is equivalent to the USDA?

The CFIA, a Canadian agency, is equivalent to the USDA in the U.S. They both regulate biologics for animals.

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Pesticide

Any substance or mixture intended to control pests, like insects, weeds, or fungi, by killing, repelling, or mitigating them.

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Plant Regulator

A substance used to regulate plant growth, such as promoting or inhibiting growth.

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Defoliant

A substance used to cause leaves to fall off plants, often used in agriculture.

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Desiccant

A substance used to dry out plants, often used to prepare crops for harvest.

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Nitrogen Stabilizer

A chemical added to a pesticide to prevent breakdown and maintain its effectiveness.

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Study Notes

Pesticide Definition

  • A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.

Pest Types

  • Pests encompass a broad range of organisms, including:
    • Insects
    • Rodents
    • Fungi
    • Weeds
    • Nematodes
    • Mites
    • Bacteria
    • Viruses

Pesticide Uses Beyond Pest Control

  • Pesticides are not limited to pest control; they also have applications in:
    • Plant regulation: Promoting or inhibiting plant growth
    • Defoliation: Removal of leaves from plants
    • Desiccation: Drying of plants to prevent further development or growth

Nitrogen as a Stabilizer

  • Certain pesticides utilize nitrogen as a stabilizer to improve their properties and effectiveness.
  • This stabilization can impact the pesticide's:
    • Shelf life
    • Chemical stability
    • Environmental fate.

Additional Notes

  • The specific application and effects of pesticides vary significantly depending on the target organism and the composition of the pesticide.
  • Regulatory agencies (in most countries) establish strict guidelines and standards for pesticide usage to minimize environmental impact and human health concerns.
  • Pesticide selection needs to consider effectiveness, environmental safety, and potential risks to human health.

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