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Questions and Answers
Which of the following sources can provide sodium chloride commonly used in medications?
Which of the following sources can provide sodium chloride commonly used in medications?
Which type of drug primarily focuses on relieving symptoms rather than curing a disease?
Which type of drug primarily focuses on relieving symptoms rather than curing a disease?
Which category of drugs is specifically intended to prevent illness?
Which category of drugs is specifically intended to prevent illness?
What classification of drugs includes choline esters and tetracyclines based on their molecular makeup?
What classification of drugs includes choline esters and tetracyclines based on their molecular makeup?
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Which of the following best describes a type of drug action that is temporary?
Which of the following best describes a type of drug action that is temporary?
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What is bioequivalence primarily concerned with?
What is bioequivalence primarily concerned with?
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What defines the bioavailability of a drug?
What defines the bioavailability of a drug?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect bioavailability?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect bioavailability?
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What must approved drug products demonstrate to be considered therapeutic equivalents?
What must approved drug products demonstrate to be considered therapeutic equivalents?
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What distinguishes therapeutic alternatives from therapeutic equivalents?
What distinguishes therapeutic alternatives from therapeutic equivalents?
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In which scenario are two pharmaceutically equivalent medicines automatically considered therapeutically equivalent?
In which scenario are two pharmaceutically equivalent medicines automatically considered therapeutically equivalent?
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What is the primary aim of bioequivalence studies?
What is the primary aim of bioequivalence studies?
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What is commonly measured in bioavailability studies?
What is commonly measured in bioavailability studies?
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Which term describes the specific action of a drug that targets only certain receptors in the body?
Which term describes the specific action of a drug that targets only certain receptors in the body?
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What is a primary goal of symptomatic treatment in medicine?
What is a primary goal of symptomatic treatment in medicine?
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Which type of treatment aims to prevent disease before it occurs?
Which type of treatment aims to prevent disease before it occurs?
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What is the primary source of medicines derived from plants or animals called?
What is the primary source of medicines derived from plants or animals called?
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Which term describes the temporary effects of a drug due to its pharmacodynamic properties?
Which term describes the temporary effects of a drug due to its pharmacodynamic properties?
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What impacts the development of resistance to a medicinal drug?
What impacts the development of resistance to a medicinal drug?
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Which option best defines contraindications?
Which option best defines contraindications?
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What does the benefit/risk ratio in pharmacology assess?
What does the benefit/risk ratio in pharmacology assess?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Introduction to pharmacology is a branch of science that investigates the interaction of drugs and biological systems, either in vitro or in vivo.
Basic Concepts
- It provides education on this subject.
- Enables identification of suitable chemical substances for diagnosis, treatment, disease prevention, and other medical purposes.
- Covers various aspects, including the origin, methods of obtaining, effects, side effects, poisoning, and drug metabolism in the body.
Branches of Pharmacology
- Pharmacokinetics: Focuses on what the body does to the drug.
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism(biotransformation), Elimination(excretion) and quantitative aspects, especially in time dimensions are essential.
- Pharmacodynamics: Focuses on the basic effects of drugs on physiological events in the human body and their mechanisms.
- Toxicology: The study of poisons or toxic effects of drugs and chemicals (used in everyday life, agriculture, industry).
- Pharmacotherapy: Examines clinical use, indications, contraindications, and interactions of drugs
- Chemotherapy: Treats diseases caused by bacteria, microorganisms, or parasites.
- Pharmacovigilance: Identifies potential causal relationships between adverse effects and drug use.
- Pharmacogenetics: Examines differences in drug effects between individuals due to genetic differences.
- Pharmacoeconomics: Analyzes and defines costs of drug treatment to the health system and society.
- Clinical Pharmacology: Focuses on drug studies in humans, aims to identify and develop new drugs.
- Pharmaceutical Technology: Formulating medicines into appropriate pharmaceutical forms (tablets, pills, capsules, elixirs, etc.; injections).
Pharmacokinetnics
- Focuses on how the body affects the drug.
- Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation) and elimination (excretion) of drugs quantitatively in time context.
Pharmacodynamics
- Focuses on the drug's effect on the body.
Basic Concepts Summary
- Dose: The amount of medicine given at one time.
- Drug: Raw material from animals or plants.
- Daily dose: Recommended amount of medicine throughout the day.
- Side effect: Undesirable effects of medicines, even at usual doses.
- Toxic effect: Unpleasant, uncomfortable and even fatal effect on the patient.
- Benefit/risk ratio: Benefits must outweigh harm.
- Safety interval: Distance between therapeutic dose and toxic dose.
- Indication: The effects of the medicine for the intended use.
- Contraindication: Conditions where medicine should not be used.
- Resistance: The development of organisms' resistance to drugs depending on characteristics and ineffectiveness to drugs.
- Tolerance: Progressive decrease in effect with continuous medication use.
- Half-life: Time active substance reduces by half in the body.
- Pharmacopoeia: Book with medicine formulas and recipes.
- Prospectus: Brochure with introductory information about medicine.
Medicine/Drug
- A pure chemical substance for medicine.
- Could be bioactive or a mixture of plant/animal origin with a standardized amount of active substances.
Drug Definition (WHO)
- Substance/product used to modify or investigate physiological systems and pathological conditions.
- Three ways drugs have effect:
- Effect on body functions/mental functions
- Replace active substances, salts, or fluids (fluids deficiency)
- Excrete or destroy harmful substances entering the body.
Key Features of Drug Action
- Selectivity: The drug should act on the related cells and structures.
- Temporary: The effect should disappear when medication is stopped.
- Dose-dependent: Effect varies with dose.
Drug Treatment of Diseases
- Radical Treatment: Completely eliminates disease cause.
- Symptomatic Treatment: Relieves symptoms without removing the cause.
- Prophylactic Treatment: Prevents disease from occurring (examples: vaccines).
- Substitution Treatment: Replaces deficient substances (vitamins, hormones etc.).
- Empiric Treatment: Based on experience, not precise knowledge of cause or nature of disorder.
Sources of Medicines
- Derived from natural sources or prepared synthetically.
- Natural sources: plants, animals, microorganisms, minerals.
DNA Recombination
- A technique for producing medicines, including human interferons, insulins, growth hormones and some vaccines.
- It involves transferring a gene from one organism into another.
Classification of Drugs
- Classified by chemical structures, site of action, clinical conditions, and purposes of use.
Drug Names
- Includes common name, brand name, and chemical name.
New Drug Development
- Stages: Bio/synthesis, screening tests, clinical trials (Phase 1, 2, 3), post marketing trials.
- Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) is important for finding relationships between chemical structure and biological activity of compounds.
Bioequivalence
- Two pharmaceutical equivalents have similar bioavailability.
Therapeutic Equivalence
- Two pharmaceutical equivalent drugs that have proven bioequivalent.
Therapeutic Examples
- Used by different pharmaceutical properties and mechanisms.
Original and Generic Drugs
- Original Drugs: International term for new medicines proven useful.
- Generic Drugs: Similar to original medication.
Pharmaceutical Forms
- Solid Forms: tablets, dragees, pills, capsules, cachets, powders, and packets.
- Liquid Forms: solutions, tinctures, elixirs, syrups, drops, suspensions, emulsions, and enemas.
- Semi-solid Forms: ointments, pastes, creams.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts and branches of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology. It aims to enhance understanding of drug interactions within biological systems and their applications in medicine. Test your knowledge on how drugs are processed in the body and their effects!
