Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which route of administration is preferred for drugs that are unstable in acidic pH?
Which route of administration is preferred for drugs that are unstable in acidic pH?
- Intravenous route (correct)
- Inhalation route
- Oral route
- Topical route
What is a primary advantage of the intravenous route of drug administration?
What is a primary advantage of the intravenous route of drug administration?
- Painless delivery
- Faster action (correct)
- Reduced drug degradation
- Lower risk of infection
Which of the following is a disadvantage of intravenous drug administration?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of intravenous drug administration?
- Easier to monitor dosage
- Minimal local inflammation
- Faster onset of action
- Requires professional assistance (correct)
When is the oral route of administration most commonly used?
When is the oral route of administration most commonly used?
What is the effect of ionization on a drug's ability to diffuse through a cell membrane?
What is the effect of ionization on a drug's ability to diffuse through a cell membrane?
What occurs due to first pass metabolism when drugs are administered orally?
What occurs due to first pass metabolism when drugs are administered orally?
Which drug type remains unionized in an acidic medium?
Which drug type remains unionized in an acidic medium?
How can the elimination of basic drugs be facilitated in cases of overdose?
How can the elimination of basic drugs be facilitated in cases of overdose?
Which of the following groups of patients might require parenteral drug administration due to continuous vomiting?
Which of the following groups of patients might require parenteral drug administration due to continuous vomiting?
Which advantage does the oral route of drug administration provide?
Which advantage does the oral route of drug administration provide?
Why do drugs like corticosteroids remain unionized across various pH levels?
Why do drugs like corticosteroids remain unionized across various pH levels?
What is a disadvantage of administering drugs via the intravenous route?
What is a disadvantage of administering drugs via the intravenous route?
Which of the following drugs is an example of a weakly basic drug?
Which of the following drugs is an example of a weakly basic drug?
In which of the following conditions would weakly acidic drugs be ionized more?
In which of the following conditions would weakly acidic drugs be ionized more?
What happens to acidic drugs in an alkaline environment?
What happens to acidic drugs in an alkaline environment?
Which of the following can facilitate the elimination of acidic drugs during an overdose?
Which of the following can facilitate the elimination of acidic drugs during an overdose?
What does pharmacokinetics primarily refer to?
What does pharmacokinetics primarily refer to?
Why should Tab.Propranolol be taken with food?
Why should Tab.Propranolol be taken with food?
What mainly influences the difference in dosage of Propranolol between oral and intravenous routes?
What mainly influences the difference in dosage of Propranolol between oral and intravenous routes?
Which of the following factors is least likely to affect drug bioavailability?
Which of the following factors is least likely to affect drug bioavailability?
Which mechanisms primarily influence the movement of drugs across cell membranes?
Which mechanisms primarily influence the movement of drugs across cell membranes?
What is a primary difference between phase I and phase II drug metabolism?
What is a primary difference between phase I and phase II drug metabolism?
How does urine pH affect the excretion of drugs?
How does urine pH affect the excretion of drugs?
In drug elimination, what unit is primarily used to express drug clearance?
In drug elimination, what unit is primarily used to express drug clearance?
Which drug is commonly used sublingually for quick absorption in emergency cases?
Which drug is commonly used sublingually for quick absorption in emergency cases?
What is the primary advantage of intramuscular (I.M) drug administration over oral routes?
What is the primary advantage of intramuscular (I.M) drug administration over oral routes?
What is the recommended angle for inserting a needle during subcutaneous (S.C) drug administration?
What is the recommended angle for inserting a needle during subcutaneous (S.C) drug administration?
Which of the following muscle groups is NOT commonly used for intramuscular injections?
Which of the following muscle groups is NOT commonly used for intramuscular injections?
What can happen if proper precautions are not taken during intramuscular injections?
What can happen if proper precautions are not taken during intramuscular injections?
Which route of drug administration allows for the fastest onset of action?
Which route of drug administration allows for the fastest onset of action?
What is a common site for subcutaneous drug administration?
What is a common site for subcutaneous drug administration?
Which of the following drugs is typically NOT administered sublingually?
Which of the following drugs is typically NOT administered sublingually?
What is the primary method by which most drugs (70%) cross the cell membrane?
What is the primary method by which most drugs (70%) cross the cell membrane?
Which of the following statements is true regarding carrier-mediated transport of drugs?
Which of the following statements is true regarding carrier-mediated transport of drugs?
In which part of the body are acidic drugs absorbed better?
In which part of the body are acidic drugs absorbed better?
How does urine pH affect the excretion of drugs?
How does urine pH affect the excretion of drugs?
Which characteristic of epithelial cells is significant for drug absorption?
Which characteristic of epithelial cells is significant for drug absorption?
What degree should be maintained for intradermal drug injection?
What degree should be maintained for intradermal drug injection?
Which of the following veins is most commonly used for drug administration?
Which of the following veins is most commonly used for drug administration?
What type of drug is more likely to be absorbed due to its ability to cross biological membranes?
What type of drug is more likely to be absorbed due to its ability to cross biological membranes?
Which transport process requires energy for drug movement across cell membranes?
Which transport process requires energy for drug movement across cell membranes?
What characteristic do lipid insoluble drugs possess that affects their absorption?
What characteristic do lipid insoluble drugs possess that affects their absorption?
Which type of channel allows selective transport of water and ions without requiring energy?
Which type of channel allows selective transport of water and ions without requiring energy?
What does drug absorption primarily involve?
What does drug absorption primarily involve?
What is the main reason that intradermal drug administration is used?
What is the main reason that intradermal drug administration is used?
Flashcards
Ionization of Drugs
Ionization of Drugs
The process where an atom or molecule gains or loses electrons, acquiring a positive or negative charge.
Lipid Solubility of Ionized Drugs
Lipid Solubility of Ionized Drugs
Ionized drugs become less soluble in lipids, reducing their ability to pass through cell membranes.
Weakly Acidic Drugs
Weakly Acidic Drugs
These drugs are more unionized (neutral) in acidic environments, leading to better absorption.
Weakly Basic Drugs
Weakly Basic Drugs
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pH and Drug Absorption
pH and Drug Absorption
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Unionized Drug Absorption
Unionized Drug Absorption
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Ionized State Effect
Ionized State Effect
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Drug Ionization and pH
Drug Ionization and pH
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Drug Administration and pH
Drug Administration and pH
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Intravenous drug administration
Intravenous drug administration
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Oral drug administration
Oral drug administration
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First-pass metabolism
First-pass metabolism
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Emergency drug administration
Emergency drug administration
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Patient condition factors
Patient condition factors
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Drug instability
Drug instability
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Bioavailability
Bioavailability
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Large-molecular-weight drugs
Large-molecular-weight drugs
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Irritant drugs
Irritant drugs
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Dosage adjustments
Dosage adjustments
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Oral Drug Administration
Oral Drug Administration
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Sublingual Drug Administration
Sublingual Drug Administration
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Intramuscular (IM) Injection
Intramuscular (IM) Injection
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Subcutaneous (SC) Injection
Subcutaneous (SC) Injection
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Intravenous (IV) Injection
Intravenous (IV) Injection
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Parenteral Routes
Parenteral Routes
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Emergency Drug Administration
Emergency Drug Administration
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Absorption Rate (Drugs)
Absorption Rate (Drugs)
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
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Drug concentration
Drug concentration
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Dose
Dose
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Frequency
Frequency
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Route of administration
Route of administration
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Oral route
Oral route
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Intravenous (IV) route
Intravenous (IV) route
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Bioavailability
Bioavailability
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Drug Metabolism
Drug Metabolism
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Phase I reactions
Phase I reactions
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Phase II reactions
Phase II reactions
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Drug clearance
Drug clearance
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Half-life (t½)
Half-life (t½)
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Drug Injection Angle (Intradermal)
Drug Injection Angle (Intradermal)
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Common Vein for Drug Injection
Common Vein for Drug Injection
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Drug Absorption
Drug Absorption
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Drug Barriers
Drug Barriers
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Unionized Drug Absorption
Unionized Drug Absorption
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Ionized Drug Absorption
Ionized Drug Absorption
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Passive Drug Transport
Passive Drug Transport
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Active Drug Transport
Active Drug Transport
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Drug absorption processes?
Drug absorption processes?
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Simple diffusion (drug absorption)
Simple diffusion (drug absorption)
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Carrier-mediated transport (drug absorption)
Carrier-mediated transport (drug absorption)
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pH and drug absorption
pH and drug absorption
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Drug ionization
Drug ionization
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Epithelial cells and tight junctions
Epithelial cells and tight junctions
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Drug absorption factors
Drug absorption factors
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacokinatics
- Pharmacokinatics is the study of how the body processes drugs.
- It involves the movement of drugs within the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
- Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs affect the body.
Principles of Pharmacokinatics
- Drugs are administered differently because of pharmacokinetics.
- Digoxin is a drug used to treat heart failure. It works best when administered once daily.
- Paracetamol is used to treat fever and is commonly used 3-4 times per day to control temperature.
- Insulin is used to treat diabetes; not administered orally.
Learning Objectives
- Define pharmacokinetics.
- Describe the mechanisms causing drug movement in the body.
- Explain how small drug molecules cross cell membranes.
- Outline drug routes of administration and bioavailability.
- Explain drug metabolism (phase I and phase II).
- Describe drug elimination via the kidneys.
- Describe drug clearance and half-life.
- Describe differences in single and multiple drug administration
- Understand steady-state plasma concentrations, and zero and first-order kinetics.
Routes of Drug Administration
- Oral: Drug absorbed from the GI tract
- Inhalation: Drug absorbed through the lungs.
- Topical: Drug absorbed through the skin.
- Rectal: Drug absorbed through the rectum.
- Parenteral: Bypassing the GI tract (e.g., injection).
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
- Drug factors: lipid solubility, pH, degree of ionization, and pharmaceutical dosage form
- Patient factors: vascularity, surface area, functional integrity of absorbing surfaces, diseases
- Bioavailability: the fraction of a dose of a drug absorbed from its site of administration and reaches the systemic circulation unchanged.
- A drug given intravenously (IV) has a bioavailability of 100%, while drugs given by other routes (e.g., oral) have a bioavailability of less than 100%.
- Bioavailability depends on first-pass metabolism.
- The way a drug is administered affects how fast its effects will be seen
Drug Absorption
- Drug absorption describes the manner in which drugs cross cell membranes.
- Ionized drugs have a reduced rate of absorption.
- The rate of absorption affects the magnitude of the therapeutic effect in the body.
Drug Distribution & its Pattern
- Drugs are distributed throughout the body via the vascular system.
- Drugs distribute relatively evenly in body water.
- Some drugs are concentrated in certain tissues or organs (e.g., iodine concentrated in thyroid tissue).
Plasma Protein Binding
- Acidic drugs bind to albumin.
- Basic drugs bind to acid glycoprotein.
- Drug displacement interactions can change plasma binding and alter drug effects.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of pharmacokinetics, including drug movement, mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). You'll also learn about various drug administration routes and how drugs affect the body. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of how drugs interact within biological systems.
