Introduction to Pharmacokinetics
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which route of administration is preferred for drugs that are unstable in acidic pH?

  • Intravenous route (correct)
  • Inhalation route
  • Oral route
  • Topical route

    • What is a primary advantage of the intravenous route of drug administration?

  • Painless delivery
  • Faster action (correct)
  • Reduced drug degradation
  • Lower risk of infection

    • Which of the following is a disadvantage of intravenous drug administration?

  • Easier to monitor dosage
  • Minimal local inflammation
  • Faster onset of action
  • Requires professional assistance (correct)

    • When is the oral route of administration most commonly used?

    <p>In nonemergency states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ionization on a drug's ability to diffuse through a cell membrane?

    <p>Ionized drugs lose lipid solubility and diffuse less easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs due to first pass metabolism when drugs are administered orally?

    <p>Decreased potency of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug type remains unionized in an acidic medium?

    <p>Weakly acidic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the elimination of basic drugs be facilitated in cases of overdose?

    <p>By making the urine acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of patients might require parenteral drug administration due to continuous vomiting?

    <p>Unconscious or uncooperative patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage does the oral route of drug administration provide?

    <p>Painless and easy to administer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do drugs like corticosteroids remain unionized across various pH levels?

    <p>They do not participate in ionization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of administering drugs via the intravenous route?

    <p>Invasive procedure with infection risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an example of a weakly basic drug?

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following conditions would weakly acidic drugs be ionized more?

    <p>In a basic medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to acidic drugs in an alkaline environment?

    <p>They remain ionized and poorly absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can facilitate the elimination of acidic drugs during an overdose?

    <p>Giving sodium bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pharmacokinetics primarily refer to?

    <p>The concentration of drugs reaching systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should Tab.Propranolol be taken with food?

    <p>To enhance the absorption of the medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mainly influences the difference in dosage of Propranolol between oral and intravenous routes?

    <p>The bioavailability and absorption rates of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is least likely to affect drug bioavailability?

    <p>Patient's daily exercise routine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanisms primarily influence the movement of drugs across cell membranes?

    <p>Passive diffusion and active transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary difference between phase I and phase II drug metabolism?

    <p>Phase I reactions modify drug structure, while phase II reactions usually involve conjugation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does urine pH affect the excretion of drugs?

    <p>Alkaline urine increases the excretion of hydrophilic drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In drug elimination, what unit is primarily used to express drug clearance?

    <p>Liters per hour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used sublingually for quick absorption in emergency cases?

    <p>Glyceryl trinitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of intramuscular (I.M) drug administration over oral routes?

    <p>The action is much faster than the oral route.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended angle for inserting a needle during subcutaneous (S.C) drug administration?

    <p>45 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscle groups is NOT commonly used for intramuscular injections?

    <p>Biceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if proper precautions are not taken during intramuscular injections?

    <p>Risk of nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration allows for the fastest onset of action?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common site for subcutaneous drug administration?

    <p>Abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is typically NOT administered sublingually?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method by which most drugs (70%) cross the cell membrane?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding carrier-mediated transport of drugs?

    <p>It is selective for specific drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body are acidic drugs absorbed better?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does urine pH affect the excretion of drugs?

    <p>Basic drugs are excreted faster in alkaline urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of epithelial cells is significant for drug absorption?

    <p>They have very tight junctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What degree should be maintained for intradermal drug injection?

    <p>10 - 15 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins is most commonly used for drug administration?

    <p>Median antecubital vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is more likely to be absorbed due to its ability to cross biological membranes?

    <p>Nonpolar and un-ionized drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport process requires energy for drug movement across cell membranes?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do lipid insoluble drugs possess that affects their absorption?

    <p>They are ionized and polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of channel allows selective transport of water and ions without requiring energy?

    <p>Aqueous channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does drug absorption primarily involve?

    <p>Movement from the site of administration to systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason that intradermal drug administration is used?

    <p>For hypersensitivity tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Pharmacokinatics

    • Pharmacokinatics is the study of how the body processes drugs.
    • It involves the movement of drugs within the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
    • Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs affect the body.

    Principles of Pharmacokinatics

    • Drugs are administered differently because of pharmacokinetics.
    • Digoxin is a drug used to treat heart failure. It works best when administered once daily.
    • Paracetamol is used to treat fever and is commonly used 3-4 times per day to control temperature.
    • Insulin is used to treat diabetes; not administered orally.

    Learning Objectives

    • Define pharmacokinetics.
    • Describe the mechanisms causing drug movement in the body.
    • Explain how small drug molecules cross cell membranes.
    • Outline drug routes of administration and bioavailability.
    • Explain drug metabolism (phase I and phase II).
    • Describe drug elimination via the kidneys.
    • Describe drug clearance and half-life.
    • Describe differences in single and multiple drug administration
    • Understand steady-state plasma concentrations, and zero and first-order kinetics.

    Routes of Drug Administration

    • Oral: Drug absorbed from the GI tract
    • Inhalation: Drug absorbed through the lungs.
    • Topical: Drug absorbed through the skin.
    • Rectal: Drug absorbed through the rectum.
    • Parenteral: Bypassing the GI tract (e.g., injection).

    Factors Affecting Drug Absorption

    • Drug factors: lipid solubility, pH, degree of ionization, and pharmaceutical dosage form
    • Patient factors: vascularity, surface area, functional integrity of absorbing surfaces, diseases
    • Bioavailability: the fraction of a dose of a drug absorbed from its site of administration and reaches the systemic circulation unchanged.
    • A drug given intravenously (IV) has a bioavailability of 100%, while drugs given by other routes (e.g., oral) have a bioavailability of less than 100%.
    • Bioavailability depends on first-pass metabolism.
    • The way a drug is administered affects how fast its effects will be seen

    Drug Absorption

    • Drug absorption describes the manner in which drugs cross cell membranes.
    • Ionized drugs have a reduced rate of absorption.
    • The rate of absorption affects the magnitude of the therapeutic effect in the body.

    Drug Distribution & its Pattern

    • Drugs are distributed throughout the body via the vascular system.
    • Drugs distribute relatively evenly in body water.
    • Some drugs are concentrated in certain tissues or organs (e.g., iodine concentrated in thyroid tissue).

    Plasma Protein Binding

    • Acidic drugs bind to albumin.
    • Basic drugs bind to acid glycoprotein.
    • Drug displacement interactions can change plasma binding and alter drug effects.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Pharmacokinetics 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of pharmacokinetics, including drug movement, mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). You'll also learn about various drug administration routes and how drugs affect the body. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of how drugs interact within biological systems.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser