Introduction to Personality Theories

<p>They suggested that people lack control over their minds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discipline and organization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioural perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generalizes findings from animal research to humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The innate capacity for personal growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shared interest in understanding human behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recognize individuals have the freedom to choose their own paths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorporation of cognitive processes into behavioral theory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reality principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3-5 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The superego (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rational and realistic problem solving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To delay gratification of the id’s urges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preconscious (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in excessive guilt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rider and a horse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operates on the pleasure principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Punishment weakens a response, while negative reinforcement strengthens it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person learns not to touch a hot stove after getting burned. (A), Someone decides not to eat at a restaurant due to a bad experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of cognitive processes and thought. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It incorporates cognitive processes in explaining behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A student studies late into the night to avoid bad grades. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By mechanical processes influenced mainly by past reinforcement history. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The context and history of reinforcement for that response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not repeating a bad experience at a restaurant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bandura sees condition as a product of both environmental and cognitive factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vagueness of concepts leading to poor testability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior changes occur automatically, without conscious thought. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It largely draws from subjective case studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Females feel inferior due to their biological makeup (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collective unconscious (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of observable behavior only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He often shaped data to fit his theoretical framework (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A male-centered viewpoint on personality development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It often lacks rigorous scientific investigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focus exclusively on overt behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A psychological theory that focuses on unconscious mental forces and early childhood experiences.

The part of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic instincts and desires.

The part of personality that negotiates between the id's desires and the superego's moral principles.

The part of personality that represents internalized morals, values, and ideals, acting as a conscience and setting standards for behavior.

The use of primitive, illogical, and fantasy-oriented thinking by the id to satisfy its urges.

Freud's method of therapy that involves uncovering unconscious conflicts and experiences through verbal interactions and analysis of dreams, slips of the tongue, and resistance.

The process of avoiding, denying, or distorting reality to protect the ego from anxiety caused by conflicting demands of the id and superego.

The decision-making part of personality that balances desires and social norms.

The ego follows the reality principle, delaying gratification to find suitable outlets for the id's urges.

The moral component of personality that internalizes social standards of right and wrong.

Throughout childhood, we learn what is good and bad behavior. These social norms become internalized, forming our own moral compass.

Freud believed the id, ego, and superego exist in three levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

The conscious mind is everything you're currently aware of, like what you're reading right now.

The preconscious mind holds information just below the surface, readily accessible, such as your middle name or what you had for dinner.

The unconscious mind contains hidden thoughts, feelings, and memories that are difficult to access.

The unconscious mind influences our behavior, even though we're not consciously aware of it.

A behavior that is weakened (occurs less frequently) due to an aversive consequence.

The process of strengthening a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus following that behavior.

Behavior is learned mainly through observation and imitation of others, rather than direct conditioning.

The idea that conditioning strengthens or weakens response tendencies without conscious participation.

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge, such as thinking, understanding, remembering, and problem-solving.

A type of behaviorism that emphasizes the role of cognition in learning and behavior change.

The reduction or disappearance of a learned response when the reinforcement for that response is discontinued.

A process of learning through association, where a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response originally elicited by another stimulus.

A learning process in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.

The frequency of a behavior increasing due to the delivery of a reinforcing stimulus following that behavior.

Freud believed that unconscious drives, like aggression and sexuality, influence behavior. He also argued that early childhood experiences shape adult personality.

A series of stages that represent the development of personality, each focused on a different erogenous zone.

The part of the mind that contains unconscious thoughts, desires, and impulses.

A conflict between various parts of the mind, like the Id, Ego, and Superego.

A psychological perspective that focuses on observable behavior rather than mental processes.

The assumption that psychology should only study observable behavior, not mental processes.

A branch of psychology that focuses on understanding and studying how behavior changes through learning.

A psychological school of thought emphasizing the importance of free will, human potential, and subjective experiences.

A psychological perspective that examines the role of biological factors in shaping personality and behavior.

Humanistic psychology emerged as a response to the perceived limitations of behavioral and psychodynamic theories, arguing that these approaches dehumanized individuals by focusing on drives and external controls.

Humanistic psychologists believe that individuals possess an innate drive for personal growth and have the freedom to shape their own lives. They reject the deterministic views of behaviorism and psychodynamic theory.

Humanistic psychology challenges the reliance on animal research in understanding human behavior. They argue that the complexities of human experience cannot be fully grasped through animal studies.

Humanistic psychology is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, including their free will, potential for personal growth, and capacity for self-actualization.

Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of understanding human experience from the individual's perspective. It values subjective feelings, personal interpretations, and individual meanings.