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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of integrating pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic principles in pediatrics?
Which factor contributes to the increased likelihood of medication errors in pediatric patients?
What percentage of the Saudi population was reported to be children less than 14 years of age in 2020?
What is a significant risk factor for medication errors in pediatrics?
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What was identified as a top risk factor affecting all-cause years lived with disability in children according to a 2020 study?
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Why is the understanding of developmental pharmacokinetics crucial in pediatrics?
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What does the lack of standardized drug formulations in pediatrics contribute to?
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What is the adverse consequence of conducting medication practices without adequate pediatric dosing references?
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What is the primary responsibility of a pediatric pharmacist in medication therapy?
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How is corrected age calculated for a premature infant?
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Which classification includes individuals between 12 to 21 years of age?
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What does postmenstrual age (PMA) consist of?
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At what age does the American Academy of Pediatrics define the upper limit of pediatrics?
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What is the key role of pediatric pharmacists in preventing medication errors?
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Which term describes the time elapsed since birth?
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Which organization defines infancy as the period between birth and 2 years of age?
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Which of the following best defines gestational age?
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What is the purpose of a pediatric pharmacist's contributions to research?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pediatrics
- Saudi Arabia's youth and children population represents 67% of the total population according to a 2020 report.
- Children (0-14 years) make up 30.3% of the population.
- Youth (15-34 years) make up 36.7% of the population.
- Child maltreatment is a significant risk factor for disability and has increased from 21.6% in 1970 to 44.9% in 2017.
Pediatric Vulnerability to Medication Error
- Medication errors in pediatrics occur at a rate of 5.7 per 100 orders.
- Pediatric medication errors are 3 times more likely to cause harm than in adults.
- Factors contributing to medication errors in pediatrics include:
- Developmental pharmacokinetics
- Weight-based dosing
- Extrapolation of doses from adult studies
- Off-label drug use
- Lack of standardized drug formulations
- Communication barriers
Role of a Pediatric Pharmacist
- Pediatric pharmacists should be knowledgeable about medication therapy and have the necessary skills to apply it.
- Responsibilities include:
- Medication selection and use
- Monitoring effectiveness and toxicity
- Preventing medication errors
- Patient and caregiver education
- Contributing to knowledge through research
Pediatric Age Classification and Definitions
- Gestational Age (GA): Time from the first day of a woman's last menstrual period to the birth of the baby
- Conceptional Age: Time between conception and delivery (more accurate for pregnancies achieved through assisted reproductive technologies).
- Postnatal Age (PNA): Time elapsed since birth.
- Postmenstrual Age (PMA): GA + PNA.
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Corrected Age: Chronological age minus the number of weeks born before 37 weeks of gestation.
- Corrected age = PNA - (37 - actual GA)
- Reported up to 3 years of age for premature infants.
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Pediatric Age Classifications:
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US Department of Health and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
- Infancy: Between birth and 2 years of age
- Childhood: From 2 to 12 years of age
- Adolescence: From 12 to 21 years of age
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP): Upper age limit of pediatrics is 21 years.
- Center of Disease Prevention (CDC): Upper age limit of pediatrics is 20 years.
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US Department of Health and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
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NICHD (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in the USA):
- Preterm Neonatal: Born before the full gestational period (less than 37 weeks).
- Term Neonatal: Born between 37 and 41 weeks of gestation.
- Post-Term Neonatal: Born after 41 weeks of gestation.
- Infancy: From birth to 1 year of age.
- Toddler: From 1 to 3 years of age.
- Preschool: From 3 to 5 years of age.
- School age: From 5 to 12 years of age.
- Adolescence: From 12 to 18 years of age.
- Young Adulthood: From 18 to 25 years of age.
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Description
Explore key statistics and challenges in pediatric health, including the demographic make-up of Saudi Arabia's youth. Understand the vulnerabilities in pediatric medication management and the crucial role of a pediatric pharmacist in addressing medication errors and improving patient safety.
