Pediatric Health Assessment and Medications

Normal and Abnormal Lead Levels in Children

• Normal lead levels: less than 5 µg/dL; levels above this indicate potential lead exposure.
• Abnormal levels can cause cognitive impairment and developmental issues.

Normal Lab Values for Children Aged 9 to 12 Years

• CBC: Hemoglobin (12-15 g/dL), WBC (4,500-13,000 cells/µL), Platelets (150,000-350,000 cells/µL).
• CMP: Sodium (135-145 mEq/L), Potassium (3.5-5.0 mEq/L), Glucose (70-100 mg/dL).

Approaches to Dosing Medications in Children

• Utilize weight-based dosing (mg/kg), especially for precise calculations.
• Consider age and developmental stage for appropriate formulation (liquid vs. solid).

Routes of Administration for Medications in Children

• Oral: most common, but may require special considerations for absorption.
• Intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and topical routes, when necessary, depend on the condition.

Developmental Milestones and History Taking

• Include developmental milestones in the health history section to assess growth.
• Key milestones: walking, speaking simple sentences, social interactions.

Examining a Toddler in an Office Setting

• Use a play-based approach to ease anxiety and foster cooperation during examination.
• Engage through simple language and interactive tools like toys.

Types and Names of Bluish Birthmarks in Infants

• Mongolian spots: flat, blue-gray markings found on the lower back or buttocks.
• Nevus simplex (angel's kiss or stork bite): small, flat pink marks often on the eyelids or nape.

Tools for Pain Assessment in Infants

• FLACC scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) to evaluate non-verbal patients.
• Use of observational assessment and parental input regarding infant behavior.

Healthy and Unhealthy Motor Development in Infants

• Healthy: reaching for objects, turning over, sitting independently by 9 months.
• Unhealthy: lack of movement or inability to bear weight by 12 months raises concerns.

Senses Developed at Birth in Infants

• Hearing and touch are fully developed, crucial for bonding and sensory exploration.
• Vision is limited; newborns can see only about 8-12 inches away.

Normal and Abnormal Developmental Issues in a 3-Year-Old

• Normal: follows simple instructions, engages in imaginative play, and begins to assert autonomy.
• Abnormal: lack of interest in playing with others or inability to grasp basic concepts by 3 years.

Normal Reflexes in Toddler Development

• Reflexes such as rooting, sucking, and grasping should be present; babinski should fade.
• These reflexes diminish as voluntary motor control develops.

Average Visual Acuity in a 5-Year-Old

• Typically, visual acuity of 20/30; basic vision screening can detect issues.
• Essential for academic success and interaction with the environment.

Factors Affecting Self-Esteem in School-Age Children

• Academic performance, peer relationships, and parental support significantly influence self-worth.
• Positive reinforcement and a supportive home environment promote healthy self-esteem.

Average Daily Recommended Intake of Fat for School-Age Children

• Should account for about 30-35% of total daily caloric intake.
• Critical for growth, brain development, and hormone production.

Tanner Stages and Their Measurements

• Five stages depict physical development during puberty, including breast and genital changes.
• Assists in assessing maturation and related health concerns.

First Sign of Puberty in Male Children

• Testicular enlargement usually marks the onset of puberty in boys.
• Accompanied by changes in body hair and growth spurts.

First Sign of Puberty in Female Children

• Breast budding typically occurs first, followed by the growth of pubic hair.
• Menstruation marks the later stages of female puberty.

Recommended Screening Tool for Depression and Suicide in Adolescents

• Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A) effectively screens for depressive symptoms and risk.
• Used during primary care visits to identify at-risk youths.

Normal Parameters of Vital Signs and Weight for Full-Term Newborns

• Heart Rate: 120-160 bpm; Respiratory Rate: 30-60 breaths per minute; normal weight: 5.5-8.8 lbs.
• Temperature typically maintained between 97.7°F to 99.5°F.

Abnormal Signs of Concern in Newborns

• Signs include persistent lethargy, poor feeding, difficulty breathing, or abnormal skin color.
• Requires immediate medical attention to prevent serious complications.

Understanding Strabismus

• A condition characterized by misalignment of the eyes, often due to muscle imbalance.
• Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent long-term vision issues.

Hordeolums and Chalazia

• Hordeolum: acute infection of eyelid glands (stye) causing swelling and tenderness.
• Chalazion: chronic inflammation resulting in a firm, painless lump on lid.

Obstructed Nasolacrimal Ducts in Infants

• Common condition leading to excessive tearing or discharge.
• Usually resolves spontaneously; massages and warm compresses may help.

Common Ear Infections in Children

• Otitis media: most prevalent; signs include ear pain and irritability.
• Timely treatment is essential to prevent complications and hearing loss.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Herpangina

• Caused by enteroviruses; symptoms include fever, mouth sores, and rash.
• Highly contagious among young children, typically self-limiting.

Evaluating a Child's Teeth for Cavities

• Regular dental checkups and fluoride treatments promote oral health.
• Identifying soft areas or discoloration requires immediate dental care.

Kidney Tumors in Children

• Symptoms include abdominal swelling, pain, and blood in urine.
• Treatment often involves surgery, chemotherapy, and follow-up care.

Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Children

• Symptoms: swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
• Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation, and supportive care.

Education to Parents on Infancy Spitting Up

• Spitting up is common due to immature digestive systems; reassurance is key.
• Strategies: smaller feedings, burping frequently, and keeping the baby upright after meals.

This quiz covers essential knowledge on pediatric health, including normal and abnormal lab values, dosing medications appropriately, and understanding developmental milestones for children aged 9 to 12 years. It will help you gauge your understanding of examining toddlers and the necessary routes of medication administration.