Introduction to Pathology

Anatomic Pathology
- Focuses on the examination of tissues and organs.
- Includes histopathology (microscopic examination of tissues) and cytopathology (study of cells).
Clinical Pathology
- Involves laboratory analysis of bodily fluids (blood, urine).
- Includes microbiology, hematology, and biochemistry.
Forensic Pathology
- Determines the cause of death in cases of sudden or suspicious deaths.
- Involves autopsies and crime scene investigations.

Etiology: Study of the cause of disease; can be genetic, environmental, infectious, etc.
Pathogenesis: Mechanisms by which a disease develops.
Morphological Changes: Structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs due to disease.
Clinical Manifestations: Signs (observable) and symptoms (reported by patients) of a disease.

Acute vs. Chronic
- Acute: Rapid onset, short duration.
- Chronic: Long-lasting, often progressive.
Benign vs. Malignant
- Benign: Non-cancerous; do not invade surrounding tissues.
- Malignant: Cancerous; invade and destroy adjacent tissues.

Biopsy: Removal of tissue for diagnostic examination.
Imaging: Techniques like MRI, CT scans to visualize abnormalities.
Laboratory tests: Blood tests, cultures to identify pathogens or biochemical markers.

Provide a detailed account of findings from examinations and tests.
Include diagnosis, findings, implications for patient care, and recommendations.

Essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
Facilitates understanding of disease processes leading to advancements in medicine.
Plays a critical role in research and development of new therapeutic strategies.

Pathology is the study of diseases, including their causes, mechanisms, development, and consequences.
Combines clinical medicine with laboratory science for comprehensive understanding.

Anatomic Pathology
- Examines tissues and organs to identify disease.
- Subfields include:
  - Histopathology: Microscopic examination of tissues.
  - Cytopathology: Study of individual cells for disease indicators.
Clinical Pathology
- Involves analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine.
- Subfields include microbiology, hematology, and biochemistry, vital for diagnosing conditions.
Forensic Pathology
- Investigates causes of death in unexpected or suspicious circumstances.
- Conducts autopsies and collaborates with crime scene investigations.

Etiology: Analysis of the causes of diseases, encompassing genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.
Pathogenesis: Describes the mechanisms whereby diseases develop.
Morphological Changes: Refers to structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by diseases.
Clinical Manifestations: Encompasses observable signs and patient-reported symptoms indicating disease presence.

Acute vs. Chronic
- Acute: Diseases with rapid onset and short duration.
- Chronic: Long-lasting diseases that often progress over time.
Benign vs. Malignant
- Benign: Non-cancerous growths; do not invade nearby tissues.
- Malignant: Cancerous growths; capable of invading and destroying adjacent tissues.

Biopsy: Involves the removal and examination of tissue for diagnosis.
Imaging: Utilizes techniques such as MRI and CT scans to detect abnormalities within the body.
Laboratory Tests: Includes blood tests and cultures used to identify pathogens or biochemical markers indicative of disease.

Present detailed findings from examinations and diagnostic tests.
Include essential information such as diagnosis, findings, implications for patient care, and treatment recommendations.

Crucial for devising accurate diagnoses and effective treatment plans.
Enhances understanding of disease processes, leading to medical advancements.
Plays a vital role in the research and development of new therapeutic strategies.