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Questions and Answers
What is the study of disease known as?
What is the study of disease known as?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four aspects of a disease process?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four aspects of a disease process?
What type of pathology describes the specific responses of specialized organs?
What type of pathology describes the specific responses of specialized organs?
Which factor is NOT a cause of cell injury?
Which factor is NOT a cause of cell injury?
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What type of cell injury leads to programmed cell death?
What type of cell injury leads to programmed cell death?
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Which of the following describes a reversible cell injury?
Which of the following describes a reversible cell injury?
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What does the term 'etiology' refer to in the context of pathology?
What does the term 'etiology' refer to in the context of pathology?
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Which of the following is an example of an endogenous toxin?
Which of the following is an example of an endogenous toxin?
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What occurs during hyperplasia?
What occurs during hyperplasia?
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Which condition is an example of pathologic hypertrophy?
Which condition is an example of pathologic hypertrophy?
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What describes atrophy in terms of cell function?
What describes atrophy in terms of cell function?
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Which of the following is a physiological cause of hyperplasia?
Which of the following is a physiological cause of hyperplasia?
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What is the primary characteristic of hypertrophy?
What is the primary characteristic of hypertrophy?
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Which statement best describes pathologic atrophy?
Which statement best describes pathologic atrophy?
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Which of the following is considered a type of cellular adaptation?
Which of the following is considered a type of cellular adaptation?
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What is the main effect of oxidative phosphorylation reduction?
What is the main effect of oxidative phosphorylation reduction?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pathology
- Pathology is the study of disease.
- "Pathos" refers to suffering or disease.
- Disease is an abnormal variation in the structure or function of any body organ or tissue.
Important Concepts in Pathology
- The core of pathology includes four aspects of a disease process:
- Etiology: the causes of a disease
- Pathogenesis: the mechanisms of disease development
- Morphologic changes: the structural alterations in cells and organs
- Clinical significance: the functional consequences of these changes
Classification and Divisions of Pathology
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Pathology is a bridging discipline, combining basic science and clinical practice.
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Types of pathology include:
- Human pathology: encompassing autopsy, biopsy, and cytology
- Experimental pathology
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Divisions of pathology include:
- General pathology: focusing on the basic cellular and tissue responses to abnormal stimuli, which underlie all diseases.
- Systemic pathology: describing specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to defined stimuli.
Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptations
- The basis of all diseases is injury to cells.
- A normal cell is typically in a steady state maintaining physiological balance based on adaptive mechanisms.
- Cell injury is of two types: reversible or irreversible.
- Reversible injury:
- Hydropic swelling or excess water in the cell
- Fatty change: fat accumulation
- Oxidative phosphorylation reduction: less ATP.
- Irreversible injury:
- Necrosis or overall cell death
- Apoptosis or programmed single cell death
- Reversible injury:
Causes of Cell Injury
- Hypoxia: oxygen deprivation
- Biological agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
- Chemical agents: strong alkalis or acids, insecticides, alcohol, narcotics, air pollutants.
- Physical agents: extreme heat or cold, radiation, mechanical trauma, electric injury
- Endogenous toxins: uremia, jaundice, diabetic ketosis
- Immunological reactions and autoimmune diseases
- Nutritional imbalances: protein-calorie malnutrition, starvation, obesity, diabetes, vitamin deficiencies.
- Genetic abnormalities
Cellular Adaptation
- Cellular adaptation is a response to excessive physiological or pathological stimuli, without compromising cell viability, by modulating its functions.
- Etiology of cellular adaptations include:
- Increased physiological demands.
- Minor stresses
- Reduced demands
- Malnutrition
Types of Cellular Adaptations
- Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
- Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
- Atrophy: decrease in cell size and function
- Metaplasia: conversion of one adult cell type to another
Hyperplasia
- Physiologic hyperplasia: increase in cell number due to hormonal stimulation or functional demands.
- Pathologic hyperplasia: increase in cell number due to abnormal stimuli (e.g., excessive hormone, viral infection, chronic injury) potential to be precursors for cancer.
Atrophy
- Physiological atrophy occurs during aging, menopause, or after delivery as well as disuse.
- Pathological atrophy is caused by several factors, including disease, denervation, reduced blood supply, nutritional deficiency, reduced endocrine stimulation, and pressure.
Metaplasia
- Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another.
- Metaplasia can be a protective response.
- Metaplasia may frequently be a precursor to malignancy.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts and classifications in the study of pathology. Learn about disease processes including etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and their clinical significance. Discover the divisions of pathology that bridge basic science and clinical practice.
