Introduction to Pain in Psychology
119 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What mediates chronic throbbing pain?

  • C polymodal fibres (correct)
  • A alpha fibres
  • A beta fibres
  • Delta fibres

    • Which type of fibres can counteract pain perception according to the Gate Control Theory?

  • C polymodal fibres
  • A beta fibres (correct)
  • B motor fibres
  • D sensory fibres

    • Anxiety and depression are likely to affect pain tolerance in which way?

  • Only affect pain reporting
  • Decrease pain tolerance (correct)
  • Increase pain tolerance
  • Have no effect on pain tolerance

    • What cognitive aspect can increase the experience of pain?

    <p>Focusing on pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factor can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy regarding pain perception?

    <p>Expectations of pain relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the Gate Control Theory's pain transmission process?

    <p>Peripheral pain receptors transmitting information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does NOT influence the pain experience according to the Gate Control Theory?

    <p>Genetic predisposition to pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibre type is not represented in the diagram associated with the Gate Control Theory?

    <p>A beta fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes pain in relation to its nature?

    <p>A complex perceptual phenomenon influenced by various factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains the interaction between different stimuli and pain perception?

    <p>Gate-Control Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant misconception about pain?

    <p>All pain is a clear indicator of physical damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an approach to pain assessment?

    <p>Analyzing sleep patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of pain that occurs after healing?

    <p>Phantom limb pain after amputation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which demographic is pain considered a significant issue?

    <p>Approximately 20% of the adult European population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pain and doctor consultations in the US?

    <p>80% of all consultations relate to issues of pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with prescription drugs in pain management?

    <p>They rank among the leading causes of death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is likely to open the pain gate?

    <p>Long-term drug &amp; alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the statement 'Pain is what the patient says it is'?

    <p>It highlights the subjective nature of pain assessment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cognitive factor that can close the pain gate?

    <p>Focusing on the pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors can help close the pain gate?

    <p>Massage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotional factor is likely to open the pain gate?

    <p>Helplessness and hopelessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a useful approach to pain assessment?

    <p>Incorporate patient self-reporting of pain levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help close the pain gate through behavioral strategies?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the objective measurement of pain?

    <p>Pain cannot be objectively measured and is based on personal experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the modern aim of pain management?

    <p>To reduce pain perception and improve coping ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT considered a psychological intervention for acute pain management?

    <p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a secondary gain associated with chronic pain?

    <p>Receiving sympathy from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 'five D's' related to chronic pain management?

    <p>Dependency on medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hypnosis play in pain management?

    <p>It enhances patient control over pain perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the Irish population experiences chronic pain?

    <p>35.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual cost of pain in Europe?

    <p>€200 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must pain persist to be considered chronic?

    <p>Six months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fiber is associated with transmitting sharp pain quickly?

    <p>A delta fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the gate control theory, which type of fibers can inhibit the perception of pain?

    <p>A beta fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is acute pain considered to be?

    <p>Adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers are responsible for transmitting dull, throbbing pain?

    <p>C polymodal fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the gate control theory suggest about pain sensation?

    <p>Pain perception can be influenced by other stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of cognitive strategies in pain management?

    <p>Addressing dysfunctional beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do multidisciplinary teams play in pain management?

    <p>They integrate various healthcare professionals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral strategy is emphasized for managing pain?

    <p>Providing reinforcement for adaptive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of providing analgesic medication at set times?

    <p>To manage pain behaviors more predictably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common element of pain management programs?

    <p>Addressing both cognitive and behavioral aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological intervention is commonly used for managing acute pain?

    <p>Hypnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the 'five D's' associated with chronic pain?

    <p>Disuse through inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait is indicative of acute pain management strategies?

    <p>First line use of pharmacological methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can contribute to an increase in reported pain?

    <p>Focusing on pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do peripheral pain receptors play in the Gate Control Theory?

    <p>They open gates in the spinal column for pain signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological factor can enhance pain tolerance according to the Gate Control Theory?

    <p>Beliefs about control over pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pain perception, what does the term 'self-fulfilling prophecy' mean?

    <p>Beliefs that reinforce pain experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers deliver the chronic throbbing pain that is moderated by A beta fiber activation?

    <p>C polymodal fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pain transmission, which type of fibers carry information from the brain down the spinal column?

    <p>Descending nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can anxiety and depression have on pain perception?

    <p>Decrease pain tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive factor can diminish the experience of pain?

    <p>Belief in effective pain relief methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes pain as a phenomenon?

    <p>Pain is a complex perceptual phenomenon influenced by various factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major psychological approach to managing pain?

    <p>Implementing cognitive behavioral therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'phantom limb pain' refer to?

    <p>Pain experienced in a limb that has been amputated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the perception of pain according to current understandings?

    <p>Day of the week when the pain occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult European population is estimated to be affected by pain?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the cost of pain is true?

    <p>Pain affects a significant portion of doctor consultations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is NOT typically included in pain assessment methods?

    <p>Neurological imaging techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects of pain is often misunderstood?

    <p>Pain is always associated with an identifiable injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of cognitive strategies in pain management?

    <p>Changing negative beliefs about pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a multidisciplinary team (MDT) play in pain management?

    <p>Integrates various specialties to address pain comprehensively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral strategy is central to the management of pain?

    <p>Contingency management and reinforcement of adaptive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of providing analgesic medication at set times?

    <p>To promote regular pain relief without relying on patient perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the program for chronic pain management?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge associated with behavioral strategies in pain management?

    <p>Problems with generalization to other contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do pain assessment tools primarily rely on?

    <p>Patient's personal perception of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered essential in the multidisciplinary approach to chronic pain management?

    <p>The socioeconomic context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant influence on pain perception according to the content?

    <p>Cultural, social, and biological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pain management, which aspect is emphasized for effectively addressing chronic pain?

    <p>Understanding the complexities of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical factor is likely to close the pain gate?

    <p>Heat application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does humor influence the perception of pain according to the gate-control theory?

    <p>It reduces the emotional response to pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive behavior is associated with an increased perception of pain?

    <p>Focusing on the pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral strategy is effective in closing the pain gate?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does sleep hygiene play in pain management?

    <p>It helps to close the pain gate by improving rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is NOT typically considered effective in pain assessment?

    <p>Ignoring patient feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cognitive strategies potentially increases pain perception?

    <p>Worrying about pain levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a critical component of effective chronic pain management?

    <p>Implement a multidisciplinary perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of providing education within a pain management program?

    <p>To enhance understanding of pain mechanisms and self-management techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the complexity of pain perception?

    <p>Pain is a subjective experience shaped by various biological, psychological, and cultural factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way can group therapy be beneficial for pain management?

    <p>It normalizes the pain experience and maximizes learning opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does family involvement play in pain management programs?

    <p>It is essential for addressing the pain in a supportive context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the cognitive strategies in pain management?

    <p>To alter beliefs about the manageability of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the approach used in contingency management?

    <p>It requires reinforcement of adaptive behaviors while ignoring pain responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines the nature of pain?

    <p>A complex sensory and emotional experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is information provision considered beneficial in pain management?

    <p>It reduces anxiety by increasing patient knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the effects of psychological factors on pain perception?

    <p>They can enhance pain tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary factors influencing pain as described in pain studies?

    <p>Biological, psychological, and social</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of solely relying on behavioral strategies for pain management?

    <p>They might not address the complexity of chronic pain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which roles comprise a multidisciplinary team in pain management programs?

    <p>Doctors, physiotherapists, psychologists, and occupational therapists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies pain occurring without injury?

    <p>Phantom limb pain experienced by amputees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the gate-control theory primarily explain?

    <p>The interaction between pain perception and various stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is NOT considered a major psychological strategy for managing pain?

    <p>Medication adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can the concept of phantom limb pain challenge traditional views on pain?

    <p>It indicates that pain does not always have a physical source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of acute pain compared to chronic pain?

    <p>It serves a useful biological purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the common impact of chronic pain on society?

    <p>It leads to increased social welfare benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of A beta fibres in the Gate Control Theory of Pain?

    <p>They inhibit the perception of pain through mechanical stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pain typically experienced according to the Gate Control Theory?

    <p>In two distinct phases involving different fibre types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic commonly associated with the financial burden of chronic pain?

    <p>It is estimated at €200 billion annually across Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of C polymodal fibers in pain perception?

    <p>They mediate chronic throbbing pain experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of chronic pain is often underestimated according to the content?

    <p>The human cost associated with it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the primary function of nociceptors within the Gate Control Theory framework?

    <p>They transmit pain sensations from injury to the spinal gate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do A beta fibers influence pain perception according to the Gate Control Theory?

    <p>They counteract the perception of pain signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the difference between acute pain and chronic pain?

    <p>Acute pain is adaptive while chronic pain is often maladaptive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive factor is linked to an increase in pain experience?

    <p>Focused attention on the pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key psychological factor that can lead to a reduction in pain tolerance?

    <p>Anxiety and depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes the interaction of emotional experiences and physical pain sensations?

    <p>Activation of CNS fibers that regulate pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process involved in the descending modulation of pain?

    <p>Information from the brain influences signals entering the spinal column.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thought has been shown to dilute the experience of pain?

    <p>Optimistic expectations for pain relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition could attentional focus on pain lead to increased reporting of pain?

    <p>In the absence of any distracting factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is most likely to help close the pain gate?

    <p>Engaging in enjoyable activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional state is least likely to result in an increased perception of pain?

    <p>Humor and laughter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive behavior is likely to open the pain gate?

    <p>Focusing on the pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical factor can potentially close the pain gate?

    <p>Cold therapy applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate statement about the measurement of pain?

    <p>Patient self-reporting is a crucial aspect of pain assessment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral strategy is less effective in managing pain compared to others?

    <p>Overexertion in physical tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a misconception regarding the nature of pain?

    <p>Pain is solely related to specific physiological damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is least likely to be part of a holistic pain assessment strategy?

    <p>Ignoring patient feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Pain

    • The presentation discusses pain, describing, assessing, and managing it.
    • The material is from a Psychology Department at a medical school.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students will define pain as a complex perceptual phenomenon, influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.
    • Students will describe the gate-control theory of pain.
    • Students will outline approaches to pain assessment.
    • Students will identify major psychological approaches to managing pain.

    BMF Case Study (Hip Fracture)

    • Lisa, an 80-year-old woman, experiences a hip fracture.
    • Her husband, Joe, requires constant supervision and eventual end-of-life care planning.
    • Lisa also requires a more sustainable health care management plan.
    • The hip surgery was uncomplicated and successful.
    • Post-rehabilitation, Lisa experiences pain in her left knee and lower back.

    Learning Outcome 1: Defining Pain

    • Pain is a complex perceptual phenomenon influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.

    What is Pain?

    • Pain is a multifaceted experience.

    The Puzzle of Pain

    • Describes a few types of pain, including: injury without pain, pain without injury, pain disproportionate to injury, pain after healing (phantom pain), success of multimodal treatments.

    Definition of Pain

    • Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
    • It is subjective and includes sensation and emotion.
    • Pain can occur without injury, and injury can occur without pain.

    Pain: An Important Social Issue

    • Prescription drugs are cited as a major social issue.

    The Cost of Pain

    • Approximately 20% of adult Europeans are affected by pain.
    • 80% of all doctor consultations in the US are related to pain.
    • Chronic pain prevalence in Ireland is 35.5% (48% in the UK).
    • Pain is associated with extensive hospital stays, lost work, and increased social welfare use.
    • The cost of pain is estimated in the hundreds of billions in Europe and the US.

    Acute vs. Chronic Pain

    • Acute pain is a useful biological response to injury or illness, often short-lived and adaptive.
    • Chronic pain lasts for six months or more and does not typically respond well to pharmacological treatments, often being maladaptive.

    Learning Outcome 2: Gate-Control Theory of Pain

    • Details the gate-control theory of pain.
    • Pain sensations are transmitted from the site of injury to the spinal gate by nerves.
    • Different types of nerve fibers exist, including A delta fibers and C polymodal fibers, transmitting pain signals at different speeds.
    • A-beta fibers contribute to pain modulation.
    • The theory proposes a gating mechanism in the spinal cord that can modulate pain perception.
    • Cognitions and emotions also play a role in pain perception.

    Gate Control Theory of Pain: Psychological Influences

    • Mood, anxiety, and depression can impact pain tolerance and reporting.
    • Attention focused on pain may exacerbate the experience.
    • Expectations regarding pain reduction or increase can influence pain perception.
    • Types of thought influencing pain include pain origins' attributions, tolerability beliefs, controlling beliefs, and placebo effects.

    Combined Gate Control Theory Inputs

    • Peripheral pain receptors transmit information about physical damage to spinal cord "gates".
    • Simultaneously, CNS nerve fibers transmit information from the brain to these spinal cord "gates" to affect perceived pain level, based on emotional and cognitive states.

    Gate-Control Theory (diagram)

    • Illustrates the concept of an open or closed pain gate, influencing the experience and level of pain perception.

    Factors that Open or Close the Pain Gate

    • Physical factors that open the pain gate: injury, inactivity, poor fitness, long-term drug use.
    • Physical factors that close the pain gate: appropriate medication use, heat/cold application, massage, appropriate exercise.
    • Behavioral factors that open the pain gate: poor/insufficient pacing of activity, poor sleep.
    • Behavioral factors that close the pain gate: exercise, relaxation training, sleep hygiene.
    • Emotional factors that open the pain gate: anxiety, depression, stress, helplessness.
    • Emotional factors that close the pain gate: laughter, humour, optimism.
    • Cognitive factors that open the pain gate: focusing on pain, worrying about pain.
    • Cognitive factors that close the pain gate: distraction.

    Learning Outcome 3: Pain Assessment

    • Pain is "what the patient says it is" (Sternbach, 1982).
    • Pain assessment utilizes various scales like unidimensional (verbal rating scales, visual analogue scales) and multidimensional (McGill pain questionnaire).
    • Different dimensions are considered in multi-dimensional assessments (sensory, sensory-discriminative, affective, evaluative), and the scales involve detailed descriptor words.
    • Short form McGill pain questionnaire is also useful, which incorporates sensory and affective scales which are scored according to the perception (ranging from none to severe).

    Think, Pair, Share (Discussion Points)

    • Is pain truly immeasurable?
    • Is patient self-reported pain a good indicator of injury or pathology?
    • What useful mnemonics can help with pain assessment?

    Learning Outcome 4: Psychological Approaches to Managing Pain

    • Historical pain management aimed for its elimination.
    • Modern pain management goals are less drastic: reducing perception, improving coping, enhancing function, decreasing reliance on drugs, and valuing self-management efforts.

    Pain Management - Acute

    • Initial approach to acute pain management is usually pharmacological.
    • Second-level interventions may involve increasing patient control, e.g., patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), and teaching coping skills, including distraction, relaxation, and hypnosis.
    • Virtual reality (VR) pain management may be used for distraction.

    Pain Management - Chronic

    • Chronic pain management considers complex, multifactorial causes, such as interpersonal and intrapersonal gains, expressions of pain linked to avoidance of other activities, and satisfaction in others sympathizing.
    • Common results (the "five D's") of poorly managed chronic pain include: dramatization of complaints, disuse through inactivity, drug misuse (overmedicating), dependency on others, and disability due to inactivity.

    Behavioural Strategies

    • Operant learning principles are utilized in behavioral strategies to reinforce adaptive behaviors, such as appropriate exercise, and to discourage pain-related behaviours.
    • Attention withdrawal and analgesic medication are adjusted to minimize or eliminate the rewards of pain-related behaviors.

    Cognitive Strategies

    • Cognitive strategies help adjust beliefs about pain and encourage a less catastrophic view of the condition.
    • Techniques for these include challenging negative or distorted thoughts, providing information to reduce anxiety, and distraction to help re-direct attention.

    Pain Management Programmes (PMPs)

    • Multidisciplinary teams (doctors, nurses, therapists) manage chronic pain.
    • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) principles guide the programmes.
    • Education on pain, physiology, psychology, healthy function, and self-management are provided.
    • Treatment is provided in a group setting and includes patient assessment, education, skills training, exercise schedules, relapse prevention, and family work.

    Summary

    • Pain perception involves biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.
    • The gate-control theory is a valuable concept for understanding pain.
    • Pain is subjective, and assessment tools should consider the patient's experience.
    • Effective chronic pain management requires a multidisciplinary approach, examining the interplay of physical, psychological, and socioeconomic factors.

    Reading Material

    • Provides suggested readings, including chapters, journal articles, and YouTube videos related to pain, pain assessment, and psychology of medicine.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    P HHD - Describing, Assessing, Managing Pain (PDF)

    Description

    This quiz explores the intricacies of pain, focusing on its definition, assessment tactics, and management strategies. Learn about the gate-control theory and the impact of biological, psychological, and social factors on pain perception through a real-life case study. The material is structured by the Psychology Department at a medical school.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser