Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
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Questions and Answers

What is encapsulation in the context of object-oriented programming?

  • The ability to use the same object in different programs.
  • A method of defining the state of an object.
  • The process of creating a class structure.
  • Combining data and code into a single object. (correct)

Which attribute would you expect of a clock object?

  • current_hour (correct)
  • current_day
  • date_format
  • alarm_sound

How does data hiding contribute to the integrity of an object?

  • It hides the entire object from external code.
  • It allows other objects to access private data.
  • It protects the object's data from accidental corruption. (correct)
  • It mandates that all data attributes are public.

Which method is commonly expected in a class to initialize its objects?

<p><strong>init</strong> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by object reusability?

<p>The ability to use an object across different programs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary responsibilities of the ServiceQuote class?

<p>Calculate and return the total estimated charges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows you to manipulate the alarm clock’s time?

<p>set_time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of object-oriented programming discussed in the summary?

<p>Hiding attributes from code outside a class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the ServiceQuote class, what is the purpose of the method that calculates sales tax?

<p>To compute additional fees on service (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute is NOT specifically mentioned as part of the ServiceQuote class information?

<p>Vehicle color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of procedural programming?

<p>Writing programs made of functions that perform specific tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes attributes in object-oriented programming?

<p>Information that describes an object's state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are methods defined in the context of an object?

<p>As procedures that perform operations on data attributes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines a class in object-oriented programming?

<p>A blueprint used to create an object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is automatically called when an object is passed to the print function?

<p><strong>str</strong> method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method type allows modification of a data attribute within a class?

<p>Mutator methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an instance attribute refer to in a class?

<p>A value specific to an individual object of a class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are parameters for the init method typically defined?

<p>They correspond to the initial attributes of the instance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a class, what is the purpose of accessor methods?

<p>To safely retrieve values of data attributes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If multiple instances of a class are created, what can be said about their attributes?

<p>They each have their unique set of attributes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the str method?

<p>Initializing an object with attributes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the BankAccount class regarding its balance?

<p>It starts with an initial balance set at creation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the init method in a class definition?

<p>To automatically execute when an instance is created (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the term 'self' in a class method?

<p>It refers to the specific instance the method operates on (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a private data attribute in a class?

<p>It prevents direct access from outside the class using double underscores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you create a new instance of a class?

<p>My_instance = Class_Name() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it advised to store classes in modules?

<p>Modules allow reusability of code across different programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you use the dot notation with an instance of a class?

<p>It calls the specified method that affects that instance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in a class definition to follow naming conventions?

<p>Class names should begin with an uppercase letter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about class definitions is accurate?

<p>A class definition begins with class class_name: (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passed when an object is passed as an argument to a function or method?

<p>A reference to the object (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of UML diagrams in object-oriented programming?

<p>To graphically represent the structure of classes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a step in identifying classes in a problem?

<p>Listing relevant nouns and filtering for potential classes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the top section of a UML diagram represent?

<p>The name of the class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is included in the written description of the problem domain?

<p>Any or all physical objects, roles, and events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is refining the list of identified nouns important in class identification?

<p>To focus only on relevant classes for the problem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may the data attributes in a class represent in a UML diagram?

<p>Properties that define the state of an object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can methods of an object be accessed when it is passed as an argument?

<p>Directly by calling the object's methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a class?

A class is a blueprint or a template that defines the characteristics and behaviors of a particular type of objects. It acts as a guideline for creating instances of objects.

What are attributes?

Attributes represent the data or properties that describe an object. They are like characteristics that define what the object is and how it is defined.

What are methods?

Methods are functions that define the actions or behaviors that an object can perform. They tell the object how to respond to different events.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation combines data (attributes) and methods into a single unit. It keeps the internal details hidden and accessible only through methods.

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Object Reusability

Object reusability means that a single object design can be reused in multiple programs or projects. This saves time and effort.

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Procedural Programming

A programming style where programs are built from functions that perform specific tasks. Data is separate from the functions and often passed between them. The focus is on creating procedures that operate on the program's data.

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

A programming paradigm focused on creating objects, which combine data (attributes) and procedures (methods) into a single entity. OOP emphasizes encapsulation, bundling data and code together.

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Object

An entity in OOP that encapsulates data (attributes) and procedures (methods). Attributes define its state, while methods define its actions.

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Class

A blueprint or template used to create objects. It describes the structure and behavior of objects, but it is not an object itself.

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Passing Objects as Arguments

When you pass an object as an argument to a method or function, you're actually passing a reference to that object.

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Object Access in Methods

Methods or functions that receive an object as an argument can access its methods and change its data attributes using mutator methods.

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Storing Objects in Dictionaries

Dictionaries can store objects as values, allowing you to efficiently retrieve them.

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UML Diagram

A standard diagram for graphically representing object-oriented systems. It uses a box divided into three sections: class name, attributes, and methods.

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Finding Classes in a Problem (1)

The first step in developing an object-oriented program is to identify the classes. This typically involves identifying real-world objects that are relevant to the problem.

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Finding Classes in a Problem (2)

To identify potential classes, analyze the written description of the problem domain. This description should include physical objects, roles, business events, and recordkeeping items.

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Finding Classes in a Problem (3)

Identify all nouns in the problem description, including noun phrases and pronouns. Some nouns may appear multiple times.

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Refining the Class List

After identifying potential classes based on nouns, refine the list to include only those that are relevant to the specific problem you are trying to solve.

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init Method

A special method in a class that gets called automatically when an object is created. It's used to initialize the object's attributes (data) with initial or default values.

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Accessor Methods

Methods in a class that allow you to get (or retrieve) the values of an object's attributes. They are often named using 'get_' followed by the attribute name.

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Mutator Methods

Methods in a class that allow you to set (or change) the values of an object's attributes. They are often named using 'set_' followed by the attribute name.

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Class Definition

A blueprint or template that defines the structure and behavior of objects. It includes data attributes (variables) and methods (functions) that objects of that class will possess.

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Class Methods

Functions defined within a class that operate on objects of that class. They can have multiple parameters, including 'self' which refers to the specific object the method is called on.

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Constructor Method (init)

A special method that initializes an object when it is created. It sets the initial values of the object's attributes.

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str Method

A special method that defines how a class object is represented as a string. This is used when you print the object or convert it to a string.

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Instance Attribute

A variable that belongs to a specific object created from a class. It holds data specific to that instance.

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Private Attributes

Attributes within a class that are typically hidden from external access. They are accessed and modified only through methods within the class.

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Object's State

The collection of values of all attributes of an object at a specific point in time. It represents the object's current condition.

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What is an instance?

A specific object created from a class. Each instance has its own unique set of data values, but shares the same methods as other instances of the same class.

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What is a class definition?

The code that defines a class's methods and data attributes. It specifies the structure and behavior of objects that will be created from that class.

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What is the 'self' parameter?

A special parameter required in every method within a class. It refers to the specific instance of the object that the method is working on.

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What is the initializer method?

A special method named __init__ that is automatically executed when a new instance of a class is created. It initializes the object's data attributes and assigns the 'self' parameter to the newly created object.

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How do you create a new instance of a class?

You call the class name as a function, followed by parentheses. For example, my_object = MyClass().

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How do you call a class method?

You use dot notation: object_instance.method_name(). For example, my_object.move(). The self reference is automatically passed to the method.

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Why are private attributes a good idea?

Private attributes, denoted by double underscores __ before the attribute name, limit direct access to an object's internal data. This helps protect the object's state and ensures data integrity.

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Study Notes

Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming

  • Procedural programming involves writing programs using functions to perform specific tasks.
  • Object-oriented programming focuses on creating objects that contain data and procedures (methods).

Classes and Instances

  • A class acts as a blueprint for creating objects.
  • An instance is a specific object created from a class.
  • Similar to how a blueprint defines a house, a class defines the structure of an object.

Class Definitions

  • Class definitions describe the structure and characteristics (attributes) of a class.
  • Class names begin with an uppercase letter.
  • Methods are like functions within a class.
  • __init__ is a special method, automatically called when creating a new instance.
  • The self parameter is included within each method.

Data Attributes and Methods

  • Data attributes describe the properties or characteristics of an object.
  • Methods in a class define the actions or functions performed on the object's data attributes.
  • Specific attributes can be accessed using the self parameter.

Hiding Attributes

  • Attributes or data inside an object, should be hidden, using the double underscore prefix __

Storing Classes in Modules

  • Classes can be saved in separate .py files (modules).
  • Modules allow programmers to import specific classes into other programs

Designing Classes

  • UML diagrams are used for visually representing object-oriented systems.
  • The structure of the UML class diagram shows the class name, data attributes, and methods.
  • Consider real-world objects and their interactions to determine the data attributes and the methods to be included in the class.
  • Examine the problem domain to determine the roles, actions, and data attributes of a class.

Working with Instances

  • Instance attributes belong to particular instances of a class.
  • Attributes are created when a method uses the self parameter to create data attributes associated to the class or object.
  • Each instance of a class has its own unique set of instance attributes.

Passing Objects as Arguments

  • Methods within a class can accept another object or a reference to another object as a parameter.
  • Passing an object as an argument means a reference to the object is passed.
  • The receiving function can use the object's attributes and methods, possibly changing its data attribute.

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Description

This quiz delves into the fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) compared to Procedural Programming. It covers concepts like classes, instances, methods, and data attributes, providing a solid overview for beginners. Perfect for students learning programming concepts.

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