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Introduction to Neuroscience
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Introduction to Neuroscience

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@lalalalala05

Questions and Answers

Which part of the motor neuron is responsible for initiating the action potential?

  • Dendritic spines
  • Myelin sheath
  • Presynaptic terminals
  • Axon hillock (correct)

    • Which of the following structures is not present in a motor neuron?

  • Axon
  • Dendrite
  • Cross-section of skin (correct)
  • Myelin sheath

    • Which part of the sensory neuron detects changes in the external environment?

  • Nucleus
  • Axon
  • Soma
  • Sensory endings (correct)

    • In a motor neuron, which structure directly interacts with the muscle fiber?

    <p>Presynaptic terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique structure to sensory neurons but not motor neurons?

    <p>Skin surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the neuron is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dendrites?

    <p>Receive chemical messages from other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggested that neurons were continuous with one another?

    <p>Reticular Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synaptic vesicles found in the neuron?

    <p>Terminal buttons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the axon approximately?

    <p>Transmits information from the cell body to terminal buttons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure allows certain molecules into the cell body?

    <p>Selectively permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of the nervous system?

    <p>Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell in the nervous system is specialized for communication?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many neurons are in the human brain?

    <p>80-100 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main supportive cell type for neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Glia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is crucial for the structure and function of the nervous system?

    <p>Glia cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism combines potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body?

    <p>Spatial summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes involves neurotransmitters being taken back into terminals by membrane proteins?

    <p>Reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What name is given to the process where potentials arriving a short time apart are combined?

    <p>Temporal summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of blocking the reuptake of dopamine?

    <p>Increased dopamine levels in the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are some neurotransmitters absorbed after synaptic transmission?

    <p>By astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of communication is used for signals within a neuron?

    <p>Electrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

    <p>Decreased polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a neurotransmitter shifts the membrane potential further in a negative direction, it is called a(n):

    <p>Inhibitory postsynaptic potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter deficiency is most closely associated with epileptic seizures?

    <p>Inhibitory neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is applied in Ritalin treatment for ADHD regarding neuron effects?

    <p>IPSP reduces activity in a neuron with an inhibitory effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of signal mediates communication between neurons?

    <p>Chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron can be identified by having a single short stalk from the cell body that divides into two branches?

    <p>Sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interneurons?

    <p>Conducting information between neurons in the same area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuron type is described as having multiple dendrites and a single axon extending from the cell body?

    <p>Multipolar neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are motor neurons primarily located?

    <p>Throughout the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurons has a short axon that communicates locally?

    <p>Interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neuron forms is NOT correctly matched with its description?

    <p>Unipolar neuron: Single axon extending off to the side from the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuron type is typically found outside the brain and spinal cord and carries information to these areas?

    <p>Sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature is common among neurons responsible for conducting messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs?

    <p>Multiple dendrites extending from call body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of astrocytes in the nervous system?

    <p>Synchronizes the activity of the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glia cell is primarily involved in removing waste material and harmful microorganisms?

    <p>Microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glia cells are involved in building the myelin sheath?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do radial glia play during embryonic development?

    <p>Guiding the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'efferent' refer to in terms of neural transmission?

    <p>Carrying information away from a structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ion that the cell membrane is permeable to during the resting state?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electrical state in neurons is characterized by a graded, passively transmitted, and decaying potential?

    <p>Local, or graded, potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for functions such as ion channels and receptor molecules?

    <p>Embedded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrical state is responsible for the propagation of signals along axons?

    <p>Action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sodium-potassium pumps in neurons?

    <p>They move potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the resting potential of a neuron?

    <p>Negative charge on the inside compared to the outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the sequential depolarization of adjacent areas along an axon?

    <p>Opening of voltage-sensitive ion channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the membrane potential revert back to its resting state after depolarization?

    <p>By opening potassium channels and closing sodium channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ion channels is correct?

    <p>Ion channels are pores that allow specific ions to pass through the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the 'all-or-none' event of an action potential?

    <p>The action potential occurs only if the stimulus threshold is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following criteria is NOT necessary for a substance to be classified as a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Stored in the postsynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is formed from glutamate and acts through GABA-A receptors to cause hyperpolarization?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is derived from the amino acid tyrosine and is involved in movement, learning, and motivation?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in mood regulation, arousal, and anxiety?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of GABA-A receptor activation?

    <p>Hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT true about peptide neurotransmitters?

    <p>They are derived from tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Neuroscience

    • Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, which consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells.
    • The nervous system is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glia.
    • Neurons are specialized for communication, while glia provide support for neurons.
    • The human brain contains approximately 80-100 billion neurons.

    Neuron Structure

    • The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, cell body, and axon.
    • Dendrites receive chemical messages from other neurons.
    • The cell body contains the nucleus and other structures, wrapped by a selectively permeable membrane.
    • The axon is a long, slender process that carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons.
    • Terminal buttons contain synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters into the synapse.

    Types of Neurons

    • Motor neurons conduct messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs.
    • Sensory neurons carry information from the body and world to the brain and spinal cord.
    • Interneurons conduct information between neurons in the same area.

    Neuron Function

    • Neurons transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.
    • Spatial summation combines potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body.
    • Temporal summation combines potentials arriving a short time apart, from either the same or separate neurons.

    Synaptic Activity

    • When an action potential reaches the terminal button, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
    • Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing a change in the electrical properties of the neuron.
    • Reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the terminal buttons by membrane proteins (transporters).

    Excitation and Inhibition

    • Excitation is the process by which a neuron is made more likely to fire an action potential.
    • Inhibition is the process by which a neuron is made less likely to fire an action potential.
    • Both excitation and inhibition are equally important for proper neural function.

    Resting Potential

    • The resting potential is the electrical state of a neuron at rest, with a negative charge on the inside compared to the outside (-70mV).
    • The resting potential arises from a combination of electrostatic forces, ion concentration gradients, and selective permeability.
    • Sodium-potassium pumps help maintain the electrical gradient.

    Action Potential

    • An action potential is a brief electrical impulse that travels along an axon and allows one neuron to communicate with another.
    • The action potential is possible due to the semi-permeable membrane, which maintains chemical and electrical gradients across the membrane.
    • Depolarization changes the voltage, which may cause voltage-sensitive ion channels to open and allow ionic diffusion.
    • The action potential is an all-or-none event.

    Glia

    • Glia are the other major component of the nervous system, providing support for neurons.
    • Astrocytes help synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon.
    • Microglia remove waste material and other microorganisms that could prove harmful to the neuron.
    • Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells build the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of some neurons.
    • Radial glia guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters are chemical substances released synaptically from one neuron that affect another cell in a specific manner.
    • There are three general categories of neurotransmitters: amino acids, amino acid-derived, and peptides.
    • Examples of neurotransmitters include GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and peptides.

    Cell Membrane

    • The cell membrane is formed from two layers of lipid molecules with proteins "floating" within the bilayer.
    • The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain molecules to pass through while keeping others out.

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