Questions and Answers
Which part of the motor neuron is responsible for initiating the action potential?
Which of the following structures is not present in a motor neuron?
Which part of the sensory neuron detects changes in the external environment?
In a motor neuron, which structure directly interacts with the muscle fiber?
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Which of the following is a unique structure to sensory neurons but not motor neurons?
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Which component of the neuron is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins?
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What is the main function of dendrites?
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Which theory suggested that neurons were continuous with one another?
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Where are synaptic vesicles found in the neuron?
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What is the function of the axon approximately?
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Which structure allows certain molecules into the cell body?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the nervous system?
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Which type of cell in the nervous system is specialized for communication?
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Approximately how many neurons are in the human brain?
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What is the main supportive cell type for neurons in the nervous system?
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Which element is crucial for the structure and function of the nervous system?
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What mechanism combines potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body?
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Which of the following processes involves neurotransmitters being taken back into terminals by membrane proteins?
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What name is given to the process where potentials arriving a short time apart are combined?
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Which of the following is a consequence of blocking the reuptake of dopamine?
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How are some neurotransmitters absorbed after synaptic transmission?
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What type of communication is used for signals within a neuron?
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What can cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
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When a neurotransmitter shifts the membrane potential further in a negative direction, it is called a(n):
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Which neurotransmitter deficiency is most closely associated with epileptic seizures?
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Which principle is applied in Ritalin treatment for ADHD regarding neuron effects?
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Which type of signal mediates communication between neurons?
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Which type of neuron can be identified by having a single short stalk from the cell body that divides into two branches?
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What is the primary function of interneurons?
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Which neuron type is described as having multiple dendrites and a single axon extending from the cell body?
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Where are motor neurons primarily located?
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Which of the following neurons has a short axon that communicates locally?
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Which of the following neuron forms is NOT correctly matched with its description?
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Which neuron type is typically found outside the brain and spinal cord and carries information to these areas?
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Which structural feature is common among neurons responsible for conducting messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs?
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What is the main role of astrocytes in the nervous system?
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Which type of glia cell is primarily involved in removing waste material and harmful microorganisms?
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Which glia cells are involved in building the myelin sheath?
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What role do radial glia play during embryonic development?
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What does the term 'efferent' refer to in terms of neural transmission?
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What is the primary ion that the cell membrane is permeable to during the resting state?
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Which type of electrical state in neurons is characterized by a graded, passively transmitted, and decaying potential?
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Which component of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for functions such as ion channels and receptor molecules?
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What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?
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Which electrical state is responsible for the propagation of signals along axons?
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What is the primary function of sodium-potassium pumps in neurons?
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Which of the following best describes the resting potential of a neuron?
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What triggers the sequential depolarization of adjacent areas along an axon?
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How does the membrane potential revert back to its resting state after depolarization?
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Which of the following statements about ion channels is correct?
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What characterizes the 'all-or-none' event of an action potential?
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Which of the following criteria is NOT necessary for a substance to be classified as a neurotransmitter?
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Which neurotransmitter is formed from glutamate and acts through GABA-A receptors to cause hyperpolarization?
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Which neurotransmitter is derived from the amino acid tyrosine and is involved in movement, learning, and motivation?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in mood regulation, arousal, and anxiety?
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What is the primary result of GABA-A receptor activation?
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about peptide neurotransmitters?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Neuroscience
- Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, which consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells.
- The nervous system is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glia.
- Neurons are specialized for communication, while glia provide support for neurons.
- The human brain contains approximately 80-100 billion neurons.
Neuron Structure
- The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, cell body, and axon.
- Dendrites receive chemical messages from other neurons.
- The cell body contains the nucleus and other structures, wrapped by a selectively permeable membrane.
- The axon is a long, slender process that carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons.
- Terminal buttons contain synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters into the synapse.
Types of Neurons
- Motor neurons conduct messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs.
- Sensory neurons carry information from the body and world to the brain and spinal cord.
- Interneurons conduct information between neurons in the same area.
Neuron Function
- Neurons transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.
- Spatial summation combines potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body.
- Temporal summation combines potentials arriving a short time apart, from either the same or separate neurons.
Synaptic Activity
- When an action potential reaches the terminal button, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
- Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing a change in the electrical properties of the neuron.
- Reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the terminal buttons by membrane proteins (transporters).
Excitation and Inhibition
- Excitation is the process by which a neuron is made more likely to fire an action potential.
- Inhibition is the process by which a neuron is made less likely to fire an action potential.
- Both excitation and inhibition are equally important for proper neural function.
Resting Potential
- The resting potential is the electrical state of a neuron at rest, with a negative charge on the inside compared to the outside (-70mV).
- The resting potential arises from a combination of electrostatic forces, ion concentration gradients, and selective permeability.
- Sodium-potassium pumps help maintain the electrical gradient.
Action Potential
- An action potential is a brief electrical impulse that travels along an axon and allows one neuron to communicate with another.
- The action potential is possible due to the semi-permeable membrane, which maintains chemical and electrical gradients across the membrane.
- Depolarization changes the voltage, which may cause voltage-sensitive ion channels to open and allow ionic diffusion.
- The action potential is an all-or-none event.
Glia
- Glia are the other major component of the nervous system, providing support for neurons.
- Astrocytes help synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon.
- Microglia remove waste material and other microorganisms that could prove harmful to the neuron.
- Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells build the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of some neurons.
- Radial glia guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are chemical substances released synaptically from one neuron that affect another cell in a specific manner.
- There are three general categories of neurotransmitters: amino acids, amino acid-derived, and peptides.
- Examples of neurotransmitters include GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and peptides.
Cell Membrane
- The cell membrane is formed from two layers of lipid molecules with proteins "floating" within the bilayer.
- The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain molecules to pass through while keeping others out.
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Description
Learn about the basics of neuroscience, including the structure and function of neurons and the nervous system.