4. Introduction to Neuroimaging: TMS & TES

TMS is used for neural interference and neuromodulation, allowing temporary changes in the functioning of cortical regions and related cognitive functions.

The Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law of electromagnetism states that a current flux of a given intensity (I) in a conductor creates a magnetic field (B) around the conductor itself.

The rule of right hand is used for circular conductors.

<p>MEPs, Phosphenes, and fMRI-guided TMS are examples of TMS experimental designs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pros and cons of TMS are summarized in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The law describes how a magnetic field generated by a current can induce an electric field in a nearby conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TMS is used to establish causal relationships between brain function and behavior by applying magnetic pulses to specific areas of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TMS uses coils of different shapes and positions, with circular or figure-8 coils determining focality and depth, and coil position and orientation determining location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intensity and frequency of TMS pulses can be adjusted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treating various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including stroke, aphasia, motor disability, tinnitus, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and epilepsy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tDCS applies a constant direct current to increase or decrease cortical excitability, while tACS uses alternating currents to entrain neural oscillations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dates back to Galvani and Volta's discovery of electric conduction in animal cells and Aldini's use of electric stimulation to ameliorate melancholia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases cortical excitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TMS is non-invasive, allows causal inference, and has great temporal and good spatial resolution but requires a good control condition, can be painful, and has shallow stimulation depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TES is non-invasive, has no long-term side effects, and is flexible in choosing within and between-subject designs but requires good control conditions, has exclusion criteria, and may not be as spatially specific as TMS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tACS uses alternating currents to entrain neural oscillations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tDCS can be applied offline (before a task), online (during a task), or both, with different montages and timing strategies used for various applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It goes around 2cm, can be anatomically by EEG system or by neuroimaging and navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>focality and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pro- non-invasive and no long term effects Cons- shallow stimulation Can be painful/annoying</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delivering the current</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not induces the ap but increases the changes of it happening</p> Signup and view all the answers