Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of circuit switching in resource allocation?
What is a key characteristic of circuit switching in resource allocation?
- Resources are allocated on demand.
- Resources are shared dynamically among users.
- Data is sent in small packets.
- Resources must be reserved in advance. (correct)
Which of the following statements is true about Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?
Which of the following statements is true about Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?
- Access ISPs connect directly to satellite networks.
- ISPs must be interconnected to enable communication between hosts. (correct)
- Enterprise ISPs do not need to connect to other ISPs.
- All ISPs serve only residential customers.
What does the term 'network of networks' refer to in the context of the Internet?
What does the term 'network of networks' refer to in the context of the Internet?
- A collection of independent networks that communicate with each other. (correct)
- A temporary connection made for a specific event.
- A single large network managed by one organization.
- A series of isolated local networks.
What has primarily driven the evolution of the Internet structure?
What has primarily driven the evolution of the Internet structure?
What challenge arises when connecting millions of access ISPs?
What challenge arises when connecting millions of access ISPs?
In terms of data transmission, what does packet switching allow for?
In terms of data transmission, what does packet switching allow for?
What aspect of the Internet structure makes it both complex and dynamic?
What aspect of the Internet structure makes it both complex and dynamic?
Which type of ISP primarily serves large organizations such as companies and universities?
Which type of ISP primarily serves large organizations such as companies and universities?
What concept describes the Internet as a collection of interconnected networks?
What concept describes the Internet as a collection of interconnected networks?
What is indicated as a potential competitive scenario within the Internet structure?
What is indicated as a potential competitive scenario within the Internet structure?
Which of the following statements can be inferred about ISPs from the content?
Which of the following statements can be inferred about ISPs from the content?
Which term best describes the business viability of a single global ISP?
Which term best describes the business viability of a single global ISP?
What does the term 'access' refer to in the context of the network structure?
What does the term 'access' refer to in the context of the network structure?
What term is used to describe the collection of devices, routers, and links managed by an organization?
What term is used to describe the collection of devices, routers, and links managed by an organization?
Which of the following best describes packet switches?
Which of the following best describes packet switches?
What is the significance of bandwidth in communication links?
What is the significance of bandwidth in communication links?
Which of the following devices is classified as an end system that runs network applications at the Internet's edge?
Which of the following devices is classified as an end system that runs network applications at the Internet's edge?
What term is used to denote the physical media through which communication occurs?
What term is used to denote the physical media through which communication occurs?
Which of the following best defines a protocol in networking?
Which of the following best defines a protocol in networking?
What does the term 'network edge' refer to in the context of computer networking?
What does the term 'network edge' refer to in the context of computer networking?
Which among the following is an example of a device that has been internet-connected?
Which among the following is an example of a device that has been internet-connected?
What aspect of performance does NOT directly relate to network communication?
What aspect of performance does NOT directly relate to network communication?
What is the primary purpose of using the Internet as an example in network education?
What is the primary purpose of using the Internet as an example in network education?
What is the primary function of packet-switching in a network?
What is the primary function of packet-switching in a network?
What is the main disadvantage of packet loss in packet-switching networks?
What is the main disadvantage of packet loss in packet-switching networks?
In the context of performance, what does throughput measure?
In the context of performance, what does throughput measure?
What is a critical aspect of the store-and-forward mechanism in packet-switching?
What is a critical aspect of the store-and-forward mechanism in packet-switching?
Which of the following best describes circuit switching?
Which of the following best describes circuit switching?
What does the term 'end-to-end delay' typically refer to in networking?
What does the term 'end-to-end delay' typically refer to in networking?
Which of the following factors can contribute to transmission delay?
Which of the following factors can contribute to transmission delay?
What role do routing algorithms play in a network?
What role do routing algorithms play in a network?
How does queuing delay occur in a packet-switching network?
How does queuing delay occur in a packet-switching network?
What happens to packets if the memory of a router fills up during high traffic?
What happens to packets if the memory of a router fills up during high traffic?
What is the role of Internet exchange points (IXPs)?
What is the role of Internet exchange points (IXPs)?
Which type of ISP typically has national and international coverage?
Which type of ISP typically has national and international coverage?
How do content provider networks often operate in relation to tier-1 ISPs?
How do content provider networks often operate in relation to tier-1 ISPs?
In the Internet structure, what are access networks primarily used for?
In the Internet structure, what are access networks primarily used for?
What is a typical characteristic of a regional ISP?
What is a typical characteristic of a regional ISP?
What is the primary function of a content provider network?
What is the primary function of a content provider network?
What describes the relationship between ISPs and IXPs?
What describes the relationship between ISPs and IXPs?
Why is the Internet described as a 'network of networks'?
Why is the Internet described as a 'network of networks'?
What distinguishes a tier-1 ISP from other types of ISPs?
What distinguishes a tier-1 ISP from other types of ISPs?
What is a peering link?
What is a peering link?
What is an access network commonly referred to as?
What is an access network commonly referred to as?
Which characteristic is typical of content provider networks?
Which characteristic is typical of content provider networks?
What is one key advantage of having multiple tier-1 ISPs interconnected?
What is one key advantage of having multiple tier-1 ISPs interconnected?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Internet is a vast network of connected devices, including hosts (end systems) running network applications, packet switches (routers and switches) forwarding packets, and communication links.
- The Internet is comprised of a network core and a network edge.
The Network Edge
- Hosts represent end systems and run network applications.
- Access networks connect hosts to the Internet.
- Physical media facilitate communication between hosts and routers.
The Network Core
- The network core features a mesh of interconnected routers responsible for forwarding packets.
- Routers use packet-switching, which breaks down application messages into packets and forwards them across various links.
Packet-Switching
- Transmission delay involves transmitting packets at a specific rate, which is determined by the link's bandwidth.
- Store-and-forward principle mandates receiving the complete packet before forwarding it to the next link.
- End-to-end delay encompasses transmission delay and propagation delay.
- Packet queuing and loss occur when the arrival rate of packets exceeds the link's transmission rate.
Two Key Network Core Functions
- Forwarding involves moving arriving packets on the input link to the router's proper output link based on the destination address.
- Routing determines the source-destination paths for packets.
Alternative to Packet Switching: Circuit Switching
- Circuit switching reserves resources for a "call" between the source and destination, guaranteeing bandwidth.
- This approach is traditionally used for audio and video applications.
Internet Structure: A Network of Networks
- Hosts connect to the Internet via access Internet Service Providers (ISPs), such as residential, enterprise, and commercial ISPs.
- Access ISPs are interconnected to enable communication between any two hosts.
- This intricate network of networks arose from economic and national policy considerations.
- Competition and the viability of a single global ISP led to numerous interconnected ISPs.
Internet Structure
- The internet is a "network of networks"
- Regional networks connect access networks (users) to ISPs
- Content provider networks (e.g. Google, Microsoft, Akamai) can operate their own networks to bring services/content to end users
Network Components
- IXP (Internet Exchange Point): A physical location where ISPs connect and exchange traffic
- Tier 1 ISPs: Large, well-connected networks with national and international coverage
- Regional ISPs: Smaller ISPs operating in specific regions connecting to tier 1 ISPs
Network Flow
- Access networks connect to ISPs
- ISPs connect to IXPs to exchange traffic with other ISPs
- Content provider networks can connect directly to IXPs to bypass regional ISPs
The Role of Tier 1 ISPs
- They connect to each other across the globe, providing global connectivity
- They are often considered the "backbone" of the internet
- Content provider networks can bypass tier 1 ISPs to improve performance
- Examples of Tier 1 ISPs: Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT
Content Provider Networks
- Have their own private networks to improve performance and reduce latency
- Often connect directly to IXPs, bypassing regional ISPs
- Examples: Google, Facebook
Internet Structure Example: Pakistan
- Shows the complex interconnection of ISPs, regional networks, and IXPs within a country
- Shows the interconnected nature of the internet as a global network of networks
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