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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
- Controlling rapid movements
- Producing electrical nerve impulses
- Releasing hormones into the blood (correct)
- Interpreting sensory information
Which system interprets sensory information and issues instructions in the body?
Which system interprets sensory information and issues instructions in the body?
- Central Nervous System (CNS) (correct)
- Muscular system
- Endocrine system
- Digestive system
What is the approximate weight of the adult human brain?
What is the approximate weight of the adult human brain?
- 42-45 centimeters
- 1,300-1,400 grams (correct)
- 2 centimeters
- 35 grams
What is the approximate weight of the spinal cord?
What is the approximate weight of the spinal cord?
Which system controls with rapid electrical nerve impulses?
Which system controls with rapid electrical nerve impulses?
What is the role of the brain in the nervous system?
What is the role of the brain in the nervous system?
How does the endocrine system bring about its effects?
How does the endocrine system bring about its effects?
What is not a part of the Central Nervous System?
What is not a part of the Central Nervous System?
Which type of neurons carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Which type of neurons carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Where are the cell bodies of interneurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of interneurons located?
Which type of neurons have a single process leaving the cell body?
Which type of neurons have a single process leaving the cell body?
What is the main function of motor neurons?
What is the main function of motor neurons?
Which neurons connect sensory and motor neurons?
Which neurons connect sensory and motor neurons?
What is the term for the ability of a neuron to respond to stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses?
What is the term for the ability of a neuron to respond to stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses?
Which type of neurons have many processes extending from the cell body?
Which type of neurons have many processes extending from the cell body?
What distinguishes unipolar neurons in terms of dendrites?
What distinguishes unipolar neurons in terms of dendrites?
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Where are most neuron cell bodies found?
Where are most neuron cell bodies found?
What is the main function of axons in a neuron?
What is the main function of axons in a neuron?
What kind of nerves carry impulses to and from the brain?
What kind of nerves carry impulses to and from the brain?
What are Schwann cells responsible for in nerve fibers?
What are Schwann cells responsible for in nerve fibers?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system carries information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system carries information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell?
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell?
What is the function of supporting cells (neuroglia/glial cells) in nervous tissue?
What is the function of supporting cells (neuroglia/glial cells) in nervous tissue?
What is the function of Neurofibrils in a neuron?
What is the function of Neurofibrils in a neuron?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary activities like skeletal muscle movement?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary activities like skeletal muscle movement?
What are Nodes of Ranvier along an axon's myelin sheath?
What are Nodes of Ranvier along an axon's myelin sheath?
What does the term 'synapse' refer to in the context of neurons?
What does the term 'synapse' refer to in the context of neurons?
What is the role of motor (efferent) division in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the role of motor (efferent) division in the peripheral nervous system?
Which type of nerve fibers bring about responses in effector organs, muscles, and glands?
Which type of nerve fibers bring about responses in effector organs, muscles, and glands?
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary activities like smooth muscle function?
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary activities like smooth muscle function?
What is the main function of cranial nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the main function of cranial nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the term used to describe the ability to transmit an impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands?
What is the term used to describe the ability to transmit an impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands?
During depolarization of a neuron's membrane, what ions flow inside the membrane?
During depolarization of a neuron's membrane, what ions flow inside the membrane?
What happens to the membrane during repolarization?
What happens to the membrane during repolarization?
What cellular process restores the original configuration of ions in a neuron post-action potential?
What cellular process restores the original configuration of ions in a neuron post-action potential?
In which direction does the nerve impulse move after it is propagated over the entire axon?
In which direction does the nerve impulse move after it is propagated over the entire axon?
What greatly speeds up impulse transmission when fibers have it?
What greatly speeds up impulse transmission when fibers have it?
What is released from a nerve's axon terminal to facilitate communication between neurons at synapses?
What is released from a nerve's axon terminal to facilitate communication between neurons at synapses?
Which part of the next neuron is stimulated by the neurotransmitter released at a synapse?
Which part of the next neuron is stimulated by the neurotransmitter released at a synapse?
What initiates an action potential in the dendrite of the next neuron during communication at synapses?
What initiates an action potential in the dendrite of the next neuron during communication at synapses?
What is responsible for restoring the original configuration of ions in a neuron after action potential?
What is responsible for restoring the original configuration of ions in a neuron after action potential?
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Study Notes
The Nervous System
- The nervous system consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- The PNS includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, which serve as communication lines that link all parts of the body
Functional Classification of the PNS
- Two subdivisions: sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division
- Sensory division: carries information from sensory receptors to the CNS
- Motor division: carries impulses away from the CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands
Motor Division Subdivisions
- Somatic nervous system: voluntary, controls skeletal muscles (reflexes)
- Autonomic nervous system: involuntary, controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
- Supporting cells (neuroglia/glial cells): provide support, insulation, and protection for delicate neurons
- The endocrine system works with the nervous system to regulate and maintain body homeostasis
Organization of the Nervous System
- CNS: brain and spinal cord, acts as the integrating and command center
- PNS: nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
- Ganglia: small collections of cell bodies outside the CNS
- Tracts: bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS
- Nerves: bundles of nerve fibers running through the PNS
Functional Classification of Neurons
- Sensory (afferent) neurons: carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS
- Motor (efferent) neurons: carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
- Interneurons (association neurons): connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS
Structural Classification of Neurons
- Multipolar neurons: many processes extending from the cell body
- Bipolar neurons: two processes, one axon and one dendrite
- Unipolar neurons: a short single process leaving the cell body
Neuron Anatomy
- Cell body: contains the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
- Processes: fibers that extend from the cell body
- Dendrites: conduct impulses toward the cell body
- Axons: conduct impulses away from the cell body
- Axonal terminals: contain vesicles with neurotransmitters
Axons and Nerve Impulses
- Axonal terminals release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
- Synapse: junction between nerves
- Myelin sheaths: produced by Schwann cells, insulate and facilitate nerve impulse transmission
Nerve Fiber Coverings
- Schwann cells: produce myelin sheaths around nerve fibers
- Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in myelin sheath at regular intervals along the axon
Neuron Cell Body Location
- Most cell bodies are found in the CNS
- Nuclei: clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the CNS
- White matter: contains dense collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)
- Gray matter: contains unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
Neuron Function
- Conductivity: ability to transmit an impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands
- Irritability: ability to respond to stimuli and convert it into a nerve impulse
Nerve Impulse Propagation
- Depolarization: a stimulus depolarizes the neuron's membrane
- Action potential: the exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron
- Repolarization: potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in
- Sodium-potassium pump: restores the original configuration, requires ATP
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