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Questions and Answers
Who is credited with proposing nanotechnology in the 1950s?
What is the size of a nanometer in meters?
1 x 10^-9 meters
Match the following materials with their properties:
Carbon Nanotubes = Stronger and lighter materials (100 times stronger than steel) Fe oxide/ Co-Fe Oxide = Magnetic storages TiO2 films = Photocatalyst Silica coated surface Enhance Raman Scattering (SERS) = Biomarker Nanoscale Al powder = Propellant Indium Tin Oxide = Used in nanowires and products [Sunscreen, Drug Delivery]
Climate Change can be caused by both man-made and natural factors.
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What does GMO stand for?
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Who is known as the Father of AI?
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STEM Cells are blank cells that are ______ and capable of differentiation.
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Disinformation refers to unintentional deception.
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What is the warming effect of Green House Gases expected to last?
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Who proposed the concept of nanotechnology in the 1950s?
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What is the size range of nano materials in nanoscience?
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What device was used for observing atom behaviors for the first time?
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Match the following materials with their applications:
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) include only plants.
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Who is known as the Father of Artificial Intelligence?
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What is the main cause of Climate Change according to the text?
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Study Notes
Nanotechnology
- Nanoscience: Study of properties of materials with dimensions between 1-100 nanometers (nm)
- Nanotechnology: The ability to control and manipulate materials at the nanoscale to create new materials with unique properties
- Richard Feyman: Proposed the concept of nanotechnology in 1950
- Norio Taniguchi: Coined the term "nanotechnology" in 1970
- Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM): Used to observe atomic behavior for the first time; 1 nm = 1 x 10^(-9) meters
Ways of Viewing the Microscope
- Light Microscope
- Scanning Electron Microscope
- Transmission Electron Microscope
Approaches in Studying Nanotechnology
- Top-Down: Breaking down bulk materials into smaller pieces (Taniguchi's approach)
- Bottom-Up: Building up materials from individual atoms or molecules (Feyman's approach)
Common Materials in Nanotechnology
- Carbon Nanotubes: Stronger and lighter materials, 100 times stronger than steel
- Fe oxide/ Co-Fe Oxide: Magnetic storage devices
- TiO2 films: Photocatalysts
- Silica coated surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): Biomarkers
- Nanoscale Al powder: Propellant
- Indium Tin Oxide: Used in nanowires and products, such as sunscreen and drug delivery
Biodiversity
- Definition: Variety of life forms on earth, including species, genetics, and ecosystems
- Walter G. Rosen: Defined biodiversity in 1986
-
Main Types:
- Species: Different species within an ecosystem, including abundance and distribution
- Genetics: Variety of genes within a species, including genetic traits and alleles
- Ecosystem: Variety of habitats and ecological processes
-
Threats:
- Climate Change
- Land use changes
- Pollution
- Resource Expedition
- Exotic Species
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Selective Breeding: Humans select mating partners for desired outcomes
- Biotechnology: Use of biological systems to modify products
- Genetic Engineering: Allows specific genes and DNA to be transferred for desired outcomes
- Living Modified Organisms (LMOs): Human-experimented modifications
-
GMO in industries:
- Pest Resistant
- Virus Resistant
- Herbicide Tolerance
- Fortification
- Cosmetic Preservation
- Increase Production
-
Impacts of GMOs:
-
Benefits:
- Higher efficiency
- Control fertility
- Increase food processing
- Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancements
-
Risks:
- Inadequate study
- Promotes mutation, long-term effects are unknown
- Human reactions
- Gene mutation
- Antibiotic resistance
- Change in nutritional value
-
Benefits:
Gene Therapy
- Definition: Seeking an alteration of genes to detect, prevent, or cure gene-related diseases
-
History:
- 1980s: Bacteria cultivation
- 1990s: First gene therapy to cure SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
-
Types:
- Somatic Gene Therapy: Insertion of therapeutic DNA into all cells
- Germline Gene Therapy: Modification of genes inside germ cells
-
Two Approaches:
- Ex Vivo: Transfer of genes in cultured cells
- In Vivo: Gene injected into the body
-
Current Status:
- FDA has not approved any human gene therapy for sale due to safety concerns
-
Problems:
- Short-lived
- Immune response
- Viral vectors
- Multigene disorders
STEM Cells
- Definition: Blank cells that can self-renew into different specialized cells
-
History:
- 1998: First extracted from human embryos
- 1999: Successful insulin-making cell transplant
- 2001: Bush restricted research
- 2002: California begins research
- 2004: Harvard researches on cells
- 2005: Woo Suk Hwang claims successful therapeutic cloning
- 2006: Shinya Yamanaka discovers method to make embryonic-like cells from adult cells
- 2009: Lift STEM cell research
- 2010: First successful treatment with STEM cells
- 2013: Human embryonic cell from fetal cells
-
Challenges:
- Differentiation control
- Scalability and standardization
- Immunological compatibility
- Tumorgenicity risk
- Delivery and engraftment
- Long-term efficacy and safety
Information Age
- Definition: The age of information, also known as the "computer age" or "digital age"
-
History:
- Post-WWII (1946)
- Development of computers and internet
-
Key Figures:
- Steve Wozniak: Designed a simple computer
- Steve Jobs: Named the computer Apple and sold it
- Bill Gates: Stole the computer software
- US Department of Defense: Made the internet for easy communication in 1971
-
Age of Disruption:
- 2010: 4th Generation (4G) transfer was invented
- Social media was widely spread
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Definition: Imitating how humans think, also known as "computer brains"
- John McCarthy: Father of AI
-
Ethical Issues:
- Privacy
- Accuracy
- Property
- Accessibility
-
Disinformation and Fake News:
- Disinformation: intentional swindling
- Misinformation: unintentional deception
- Mal-information: wrong information supplied
- Fake News: false stories to deceive
- Post-Truth Era: era where truth is not true
Climate Change
- Definition: Long-term change in atmospheric variables
-
Causes:
- Internal: Anthropogenic and natural factors
- External: Phenomena from outer space
-
Green House Gases:
- CO2
- Methane
- CFC
- Warming effect lasts 100 years, while cooling effect lasts 1 week
-
Effects:
- Ozone depletion
- Acid deposition
- Thermal inversion
- Global warming
- Rainfall patterns changing
- Sea levels rising
- More extreme weather
-
Philippine Actions:
- National Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)
- Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (DRRMP)
- Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729)
- Established Climate Change Commission (CCC)
-
Environmental Laws:
- RA 6969: Toxic substance and hazardous and nuclear waste control act of 1990
- RA 9003: Ecological solid waste management of 2000
- RA 9275: Clean water act of 2004
- RA 8749: Philippine clean air act of 1999
Nanotechnology
- Nanoscience: Study of properties of materials with dimensions between 1-100 nanometers (nm)
- Nanotechnology: The ability to control and manipulate materials at the nanoscale to create new materials with unique properties
- Richard Feyman: Proposed the concept of nanotechnology in 1950
- Norio Taniguchi: Coined the term "nanotechnology" in 1970
- Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM): Used to observe atomic behavior for the first time; 1 nm = 1 x 10^(-9) meters
Ways of Viewing the Microscope
- Light Microscope
- Scanning Electron Microscope
- Transmission Electron Microscope
Approaches in Studying Nanotechnology
- Top-Down: Breaking down bulk materials into smaller pieces (Taniguchi's approach)
- Bottom-Up: Building up materials from individual atoms or molecules (Feyman's approach)
Common Materials in Nanotechnology
- Carbon Nanotubes: Stronger and lighter materials, 100 times stronger than steel
- Fe oxide/ Co-Fe Oxide: Magnetic storage devices
- TiO2 films: Photocatalysts
- Silica coated surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): Biomarkers
- Nanoscale Al powder: Propellant
- Indium Tin Oxide: Used in nanowires and products, such as sunscreen and drug delivery
Biodiversity
- Definition: Variety of life forms on earth, including species, genetics, and ecosystems
- Walter G. Rosen: Defined biodiversity in 1986
-
Main Types:
- Species: Different species within an ecosystem, including abundance and distribution
- Genetics: Variety of genes within a species, including genetic traits and alleles
- Ecosystem: Variety of habitats and ecological processes
-
Threats:
- Climate Change
- Land use changes
- Pollution
- Resource Expedition
- Exotic Species
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Selective Breeding: Humans select mating partners for desired outcomes
- Biotechnology: Use of biological systems to modify products
- Genetic Engineering: Allows specific genes and DNA to be transferred for desired outcomes
- Living Modified Organisms (LMOs): Human-experimented modifications
-
GMO in industries:
- Pest Resistant
- Virus Resistant
- Herbicide Tolerance
- Fortification
- Cosmetic Preservation
- Increase Production
-
Impacts of GMOs:
-
Benefits:
- Higher efficiency
- Control fertility
- Increase food processing
- Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancements
-
Risks:
- Inadequate study
- Promotes mutation, long-term effects are unknown
- Human reactions
- Gene mutation
- Antibiotic resistance
- Change in nutritional value
-
Benefits:
Gene Therapy
- Definition: Seeking an alteration of genes to detect, prevent, or cure gene-related diseases
-
History:
- 1980s: Bacteria cultivation
- 1990s: First gene therapy to cure SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
-
Types:
- Somatic Gene Therapy: Insertion of therapeutic DNA into all cells
- Germline Gene Therapy: Modification of genes inside germ cells
-
Two Approaches:
- Ex Vivo: Transfer of genes in cultured cells
- In Vivo: Gene injected into the body
-
Current Status:
- FDA has not approved any human gene therapy for sale due to safety concerns
-
Problems:
- Short-lived
- Immune response
- Viral vectors
- Multigene disorders
STEM Cells
- Definition: Blank cells that can self-renew into different specialized cells
-
History:
- 1998: First extracted from human embryos
- 1999: Successful insulin-making cell transplant
- 2001: Bush restricted research
- 2002: California begins research
- 2004: Harvard researches on cells
- 2005: Woo Suk Hwang claims successful therapeutic cloning
- 2006: Shinya Yamanaka discovers method to make embryonic-like cells from adult cells
- 2009: Lift STEM cell research
- 2010: First successful treatment with STEM cells
- 2013: Human embryonic cell from fetal cells
-
Challenges:
- Differentiation control
- Scalability and standardization
- Immunological compatibility
- Tumorgenicity risk
- Delivery and engraftment
- Long-term efficacy and safety
Information Age
- Definition: The age of information, also known as the "computer age" or "digital age"
-
History:
- Post-WWII (1946)
- Development of computers and internet
-
Key Figures:
- Steve Wozniak: Designed a simple computer
- Steve Jobs: Named the computer Apple and sold it
- Bill Gates: Stole the computer software
- US Department of Defense: Made the internet for easy communication in 1971
-
Age of Disruption:
- 2010: 4th Generation (4G) transfer was invented
- Social media was widely spread
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Definition: Imitating how humans think, also known as "computer brains"
- John McCarthy: Father of AI
-
Ethical Issues:
- Privacy
- Accuracy
- Property
- Accessibility
-
Disinformation and Fake News:
- Disinformation: intentional swindling
- Misinformation: unintentional deception
- Mal-information: wrong information supplied
- Fake News: false stories to deceive
- Post-Truth Era: era where truth is not true
Climate Change
- Definition: Long-term change in atmospheric variables
-
Causes:
- Internal: Anthropogenic and natural factors
- External: Phenomena from outer space
-
Green House Gases:
- CO2
- Methane
- CFC
- Warming effect lasts 100 years, while cooling effect lasts 1 week
-
Effects:
- Ozone depletion
- Acid deposition
- Thermal inversion
- Global warming
- Rainfall patterns changing
- Sea levels rising
- More extreme weather
-
Philippine Actions:
- National Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)
- Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (DRRMP)
- Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729)
- Established Climate Change Commission (CCC)
-
Environmental Laws:
- RA 6969: Toxic substance and hazardous and nuclear waste control act of 1990
- RA 9003: Ecological solid waste management of 2000
- RA 9275: Clean water act of 2004
- RA 8749: Philippine clean air act of 1999
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Description
Learn about the basics of nanotechnology, its history, and the tools used to observe it. Discover how nanotechnology can make things lighter, stronger, faster, and smaller.
