Introduction to Nanotechnology
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Introduction to Nanotechnology

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical size range for structures measured in nanotechnology?

  • 1–10 nanometers
  • 1–100 micrometers
  • 1–10 micrometers
  • 1–100 nanometers (correct)

    • Which of the following is a property of nanocarriers that supports drug delivery?

  • Eliminating the need for targeting
  • Reducing drug interaction with cell membranes
  • Increasing drug solubility (correct)
  • Decreasing drug bioavailability

    • What was the significance of the FDA's approval of nanomedicine clinical trials in 2015?

  • It marked the first use of nanocarriers for all diseases.
  • It restricted the use of polymer devices in drug delivery.
  • It indicated the inefficacy of nanoparticles in drug delivery.
  • It allowed for the study of nanocarriers in cancer treatments. (correct)

    • What historical milestone in nanotechnology occurred in 1965?

    <p>Discovery of liposomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the blood-brain barrier (BBB) primarily regulate?

    <p>Transfer of solutes and chemicals between blood and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can nanoparticles help target?

    <p>Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the first controlled formulation approved by the FDA?

    <p>1989</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main roles of nanocarriers in drug delivery systems?

    <p>To enhance targeting accuracy of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules can readily diffuse across the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using nanoparticles (NPs) for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Their size can be altered to increase permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter type is primarily responsible for glucose uptake in the brain's endothelium?

    <p>GLUT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do malignant brain tumors like glioblastoma have a poor prognosis?

    <p>Therapeutic treatment is hindered by the BBB's impermeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What properties of nanoparticles enhance their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Chemical composition and charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the survival rate for glioblastoma patients after five years?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of nanoparticles can improve circulation time and BBB binding?

    <p>Conjugation with specific ligands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in treating neurological diseases related to drug delivery?

    <p>The blood-brain barrier excludes most drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of using transferrin in NP design for drug delivery to the brain?

    <p>Transferrin serves as a targeting ligand for enhancing transcytosis across the BBB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much faster are glucose-coated gold NPs transferred in cerebral endothelial cells compared to non-brain endothelial cells?

    <p>Three times faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide is mentioned as targeting the αvβ3-integrin receptor in brain disorders?

    <p>RGD peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin-coated gold NPs (INS-GNPs) in the brain, as compared to control GNPs?

    <p>INS-GNPs were found at concentrations five times greater than control GNPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier under pathological conditions?

    <p>Remodeling of the protein complex in intra-endothelial junctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are gold NPs with transferrin conjugation important for brain delivery?

    <p>They promote strong attachment to brain endothelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with blood-brain barrier disruption?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does PEGylated albumin play in NP design for drug delivery to the brain?

    <p>It acts to improve transcytosis and localization in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a drug delivery system designed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

    <p>To provide enhanced drug absorption specifically in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of nanoparticle mentioned?

    <p>Ultrasound nanoparticles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do polymeric nanoparticles offer over other nanocarriers?

    <p>Greater stability and tissue distribution of encapsulated drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can help increase drug absorption in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway?

    <p>Implementing a nanocarrier-assisted intranasal drug system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the first polymers used to develop polymeric nanoparticles?

    <p>Non-biodegradable polymers such as PMMA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of using imaging/diagnostics under diseased conditions in drug delivery?

    <p>To localize and assess delivery effectiveness of therapies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug delivery systems, what role do viral vectors play?

    <p>They deliver genetic material or therapeutic agents directly to target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using nanoshells in drug delivery?

    <p>They can improve the pharmacokinetics of the drugs they carry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of polymer nanoparticles as drug carriers?

    <p>Good biocompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a synthetic biodegradable polymer?

    <p>Poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes nanocapsules compared to nanospheres?

    <p>Nanocapsules have a membrane surrounding the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property makes biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles suitable for drug delivery?

    <p>Rapid clearance from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polymers is considered non-synthetic?

    <p>Chitosan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) play in drug delivery systems?

    <p>Coats nanoparticles for long circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reactions were observed with nanosystems made from certain materials?

    <p>Chronic toxicity and inflammatory reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of nanoparticle systems in drug delivery?

    <p>Encapsulate or attach various types of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nanotechnology

    • The branch of science dealing with structures on the nanoscale, measuring 1-100 nanometers
    • Includes disciplines like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Engineering, Information Technology, Electronics, and Material Science
    • Nanoparticles possess distinct material properties due to their submicroscopic size
    • Widely used in various fields, including engineering, drug delivery, nanomedicine, environmental identification, and catalysis
    • Effectively targets diseases like melanoma, cardiovascular disease, skin diseases, and liver diseases

    History of Nanotechnology

    • Polymers and drug conjugation was first reported in 1955
    • The first controlled-release polymer device was developed in 1964
    • Liposomes were discovered in 1965
    • Albumin-based nanoparticles were reported in 1972
    • Liposome-based drugs were formulated in 1973
    • The first micelle formulation was approved in 1983
    • The FDA approved the first controlled formulation in 1989
    • The first polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated protein entered the market in 1990

    Recent Approaches in Drug Delivery System

    • Nanocarriers play a crucial role in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

    Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

    • Highly selective semipermeable border, restricting the transfer of substances between the circulatory system and the central nervous system
    • Protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood
    • Restricts the passage of pathogens, diffusion of solutes, and large or hydrophilic molecules
    • Allows the diffusion of hydrophobic molecules like O2, CO2, and hormones
    • Enables the active transport of metabolic products like glucose across the barrier using specific transport proteins
    • Presents a challenge for treating malignant brain tumors due to its impermeability

    Glioblastoma

    • Most common type of brain malignancy
    • Most aggressive form of glioma
    • Despite combined treatments of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the overall survival rate remains low
    • 5-year survival rate of nearly 32% for malignant brain tumors, decreasing to 5% for glioblastoma
    • BBB remains impermeable to nearly all large macromolecules and excludes nearly 98% of small-molecule drugs from the brain

    Enhancing Drug Delivery to the Brain

    • Several technologies have been developed to circumvent the BBB, with nanoparticles emerging as a promising tool
    • Nanoparticles' properties like size, shape, chemical composition, surface charge, and conjugation with molecules like glucose, transferrin, insulin, polyethylene glycol, peptides, and aptamers, facilitate BBB penetration

    Properties of Nanoparticles

    Size and Charge of NPs

    • Nanoparticles are small molecules ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm
    • Smaller size is advantageous for crossing the BBB, with increased permeability as size decreases

    Ligands and Functional Groups

    • NP surfaces can be conjugated with ligands including peptides, proteins, antibodies, and surfactants, enhancing BBB crossing by improving circulation time or binding to endothelial receptors

    Glucose

    • Conjugation of NPs with glucose enhances BBB penetration by leveraging their binding affinity to specific glucose transporters
    • Primarily the GLUT1 subtype responsible for glucose uptake is expressed in the brain endothelium
    • Glucose-coated gold nanoparticles are transferred three times faster in cerebral endothelial cell lines compared to non-brain endothelial cell lines

    Transferrin

    • Transferrin is an iron transporter abundant in the BBB endothelium, facilitating targeted drug delivery to the brain
    • NPs conjugated with transferrin receptor (TfR)-targeting ligands or antibodies promote transcytosis
    • PEGylated albumin NPs with anchored transferrin have shown increased uptake and localization in the brains of healthy rats when intravenously administered
    • Gold NPs with transferrin conjugation enhanced brain localization when systemically administered to BALB/c mice

    Insulin

    • Insulin-coated gold NPs (INS-GNPs) are found in mouse brains at five times greater concentrations than control untargeted GNPs

    Peptides

    • Conjugating peptides with NPs allows binding to receptors expressed on BBB endothelial cells, facilitating BBB penetration
    • RGD peptide targeting αvβ3-integrin, highly expressed on tumor tissues, is commonly used

    Recent Advancements

    • BBB is disrupted in conditions like strokes, seizures, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, diabetes, glioma, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease
    • Remodeling of the protein complex in intra-endothelial junctions is an important cause of BBB breakdown

    Drug Delivery System (DDS)

    • Nanocarrier-assisted intranasal drug carriage system is widely used for brain disease treatment
    • Drugs poorly distributed to the brain can be loaded into a nanocarrier-based system
    • Nanocarriers interact with endothelial microvessel cells at the BBB and nasal mucosa, increasing drug absorption
    • Olfactory nerve fibers stimulate straight nose-to-brain delivery
    • Greater drug absorption in brain parenchyma through the secondary nose-to-blood-to-brain pathway

    Strategies for Drug Delivery

    • Viral vectors
    • Nanoparticles
    • Exosomes
    • Brain permeability enhancers
    • Delivery through active transporters in the BBB
    • Alteration of administration route
    • Nanoparticles for the brain
    • Imaging/diagnostics under diseased conditions

    Types of Nanoparticles

    • Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
    • Liposomes
    • Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)
    • Fullerenes
    • Nanoshells
    • Quantum dots (QD)
    • Super paramagnetic nanoparticles

    Polymeric Nanoparticles

    • Solid particles composed of macromolecular polymers, ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm
    • Protect encapsulated macromolecules from enzymatic degradation and change the dynamic behavior and tissue distribution of the encapsulated drugs
    • Colloidal systems made up of natural or synthetic polymers
    • First demonstrated by Langer and Folkman for controlled release of macromolecules, leading to anti-angiogenic drug delivery systems for cancer therapy

    Non-Biodegradable Polymers

    • Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
    • Polyacrylamide
    • Polystyrene
    • Polyacrylates
    • Rapid and efficient clearance, but associated with chronic toxicity and inflammatory reactions

    Advantages of Polymer Nanoparticles

    • Low toxicity
    • Good biocompatibility
    • Biodegradation at specific sites

    Biodegradable Polymers

    • Poly(D,l-lactide) (PLA)
    • Poly(D,L-glycolide) (PLG)
    • Co-polymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)
    • Polyalkylcyanoacrylates
    • Poly-Ɛ-caprolactone
    • Considered safe and approved by the FDA and EMA for pharmaceutical applications

    Non-Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers

    • Chitosan
    • Alginate
    • Gelatin
    • Zein
    • Albumin

    Physico-Chemical Properties

    Drug Delivery

    • The drug can be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to a nanoparticles matrix

    • Nanoparticles, nanospheres, or nanocapsules can be obtained depending on the preparation method

    • Nanocapsules confine the drug within a cavity surrounded by a polymer membrane

    • Nanospheres physically disperse the drug uniformly

    • Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles coated with hydrophilic polymers like PEG are used as potential drug delivery devices

    • Prolonged circulation, organ targeting, DNA carrier in gene therapy, and delivery of proteins, peptides, and genes

    • Biomaterials offer extensive chemical diversity for nanoparticle modification

    • Large surface area presents opportunities to place functional groups on the surface

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of nanotechnology, a branch of science that focuses on structures ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. This quiz covers its history, key developments, and applications in fields such as medicine and engineering. Test your knowledge and discover the innovative potential of nanoparticles.

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