Brain and Behaviour - Week 1 (Full revision)
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Questions and Answers

Which philosopher argued that human knowledge should be understood through empiricism?

  • George Berkeley
  • David Hume
  • John Locke (correct)
  • Immanuel Kant

    • Who founded the first psychology research laboratory in Leipzig, Germany?

  • Wilhelm Wundt (correct)
  • John Locke
  • Edward Titchener
  • Sigmund Freud

    • What technique did Wundt use to study consciousness?

  • Hypnosis
  • Introspection (correct)
  • Observation
  • Experimentation

    • Who added 'clarity' as an element of sensation in the study of consciousness?

    <p>Edward Titchener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologists argued that consciousness can best be understood by observing it as a whole, not piece by piece?

    <p>Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who believed that all behavior is motivated by unconscious conflicts within the mind?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist's approach focused on the role of consciousness in guiding decision-making and problem-solving?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who criticized making inferences about mental behavior by observing external behavior?

    <p>John B. Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of psychology?

    <p>To understand behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were some of the early philosophers interested in behavior and the mind?

    <p>Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do psychologists rely on in their study of behavior and mental processes?

    <p>Knowledge based on experience and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do psychologists do to reach informed conclusions and generate new questions?

    <p>Perform experiments and other scientific procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to psychology assumes that biological factors, such as hormones and genes, affect behavior and mental processes?

    <p>The biological approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field combines psychotherapy skills with research from cognitive, industrial and organizational, and sport psychology?

    <p>Performance psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early philosophers debate about in relation to behavior and the mind?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do psychologists benefit from research even if they don't conduct it themselves?

    <p>They apply the results of their colleagues' studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to psychology emphasizes how behavior and mental processes emerge as generation-to-generation adaptations to help organisms survive and reproduce?

    <p>The evolutionary approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to psychology sees constant unconscious conflicts within each person as the main determinant of behavior and mental life?

    <p>The psychodynamic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to psychology sees behavior as primarily the result of learning and influenced by patterns of reward and punishment?

    <p>The behavioral approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to psychology assumes that behavior and mental processes can be understood by studying unconscious conflicts within the mind?

    <p>The psychodynamic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of information processing and accurate measurement of mental activity?

    <p>The biological approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to psychology combines features from multiple approaches to understand behavior and mental processes?

    <p>Most psychologists are eclectic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach emphasizes the importance of thoughts and other mental processes?

    <p>The cognitive-behavioural approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the humanistic approach believe about individuals?

    <p>They control themselves and are essentially good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the humanistic approach in psychology today?

    <p>Limited because the concepts and predictions are too vague to be expressed and tested scientifically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive psychology rooted in?

    <p>The writings of humanistic psychologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cognitive-behavioural approach explore?

    <p>How learning affects the development of thoughts and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do behaviourists focus on in their approach?

    <p>Observable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of science in relation to cognition?

    <p>To discover the components of cognition and determine how they produce complex behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do humanists search for in their approach?

    <p>To understand the perceptions and feelings of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying the effects of environmental characteristics on people's behavior and mental processes?

    <p>Environmental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology specializes in diagnosing learning disabilities and setting up programs to improve students' achievement and satisfaction in school?

    <p>Educational psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on how people think about, relate to, influence, and are influenced by other people?

    <p>Social psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology specializes in helping troubled individuals overcome behavior disorders?

    <p>Clinical psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on improving the efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and organizations?

    <p>Organizational psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology specializes in studying the effects of behavior on health and the effects of illness on behavior and emotions?

    <p>Health psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying characteristics of people who maintain optimism even in the face of stress or tragedy?

    <p>Positive psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology specializes in dealing with issues of psychology and the law, such as jury selection and evaluating defendants' mental competencies?

    <p>Forensic psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying how biological processes in the brain and other organs affect behavior and mental processes?

    <p>Biological psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on understanding the changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan?

    <p>Developmental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology studies mental processes such as sensation, perception, learning, memory, thinking, consciousness, intelligence, and creativity?

    <p>Cognitive psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on how individuals are similar and different, using tests, interviews, and other measures?

    <p>Personality psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying the development of memory and other mental abilities, as well as parenting and preserving mental capacity in elderly people?

    <p>Developmental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology uses research in engineering psychology or human factors to improve the design of instruments panels, computer keyboards, and other devices?

    <p>Cognitive psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on understanding the causes and effects of changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan?

    <p>Developmental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an element of culture?

    <p>Ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of culture?

    <p>To anticipate the behavior of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are subcultures?

    <p>Individuals who identify with their cultural heritage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do people become aware of how culture or subculture has shaped their patterns of thinking and behavior?

    <p>When they interact with people from different cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been found about communication patterns between men and women in Western countries?

    <p>There are subtle, culturally influenced differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach in psychology focuses on studying the physiological effects of hormones, genes, and the nervous system?

    <p>Biological Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective in psychology is concerned with how individuals adapt to their environment to survive and reproduce?

    <p>Evolutionary perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of psychology has seen advancements in technology, particularly in brain imaging techniques?

    <p>Biological Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach in psychology believes that our actions and behaviors can be influenced by both our conscious and unconscious thoughts and desires?

    <p>Psychodynamic Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying what changes occur as individuals evolve to cope with living in the modern day?

    <p>Evolutionary Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes psychological literacy?

    <p>The ability to apply psychological science to meet personal, professional, and social needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required pathway to become a registered psychologist?

    <p>Complete an undergraduate degree plus a fourth year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take to become a registered psychologist after completing the undergraduate degree?

    <p>4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a graduate diploma in psychology?

    <p>To jump into the fourth year of psychology following completion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which settings can psychologists work?

    <p>Colleges, universities, mental health facilities, private practice, organizations, businesses, government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the cognitive approach in psychology?

    <p>Investigating cognitive processes and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of technology in the biological approach?

    <p>Monitoring brain activity during certain tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches?

    <p>The psychodynamic approach involves making subjective interpretations, while the behavioral approach focuses on observable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the humanistic approach in psychology?

    <p>Understanding individual experiences and perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the scientific method in psychology?

    <p>Systematically gathering evidence and planning research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization accredits the minimum six years of training required to become a registered psychologist in Australia?

    <p>Australian Psychology Accreditation Council</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which industry can psychologists be employed?

    <p>Health and Community Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary perspective's explanation for the development of human behaviors?

    <p>They are the result of genetic adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of years of training required to become a registered psychologist in Australia?

    <p>6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization provides more information about the registration requirements to become a registered psychologist in Australia?

    <p>Australian Psychological Society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of psychologists in their profession?

    <p>Conducting research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of culture in shaping human behavior and thinking?

    <p>Primary role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main requirement to become a registered psychologist in Australia?

    <p>Obtaining a graduate degree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which industry is NOT mentioned as a potential employment sector for psychologists?

    <p>Health and community services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a graduate diploma in psychology?

    <p>To specialize in a specific area of psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on the relationship between environmental events (stimuli) and responses to them?

    <p>Behaviourist perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual and focuses on the person's immediate experience?

    <p>Humanistic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology focuses on how people store, process, and retrieve information?

    <p>Cognitive perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early psychological viewpoint attempted to determine the structure of consciousness?

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early psychological viewpoint attempted to explain psychological processes in terms of the role or function they play?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective in psychology suggests that most psychological processes that guide behavior are unconscious?

    <p>Psychodynamic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective in psychology focuses on understanding the mind through understanding the biological activity of the brain?

    <p>Psychodynamic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective in psychology focuses on the influence of membership in a larger group, such as a tribe or nation?

    <p>Psychodynamic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective in psychology focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes as generation-to-generation adaptations to help organisms survive and reproduce?

    <p>Psychodynamic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Empiricism and Consciousness

    • John Locke argued that human knowledge should be understood through empiricism
    • Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychology research laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
    • Wundt used introspection to study consciousness
    • Hermann Ebbinghaus added 'clarity' as an element of sensation in the study of consciousness

    Early Philosophers and Psychologists

    • Early philosophers interested in behavior and the mind included Plato, Aristotle, and René Descartes
    • Psychologists rely on systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation in their study of behavior and mental processes
    • They also rely on evidence-based research to reach informed conclusions and generate new questions

    Approaches to Psychology

    • Biological approach: assumes that biological factors, such as hormones and genes, affect behavior and mental processes
    • Cognitive approach: emphasizes the role of consciousness in guiding decision-making and problem-solving
    • Humanistic approach: emphasizes the importance of thoughts and other mental processes
    • Psychodynamic approach: sees constant unconscious conflicts within each person as the main determinant of behavior and mental life
    • Behavioral approach: sees behavior as primarily the result of learning and influenced by patterns of reward and punishment
    • Cognitive-behavioral approach: explores how behavior and mental processes can be understood by studying thought patterns and behaviors
    • Evolutionary approach: sees behavior and mental processes as emerging as generation-to-generation adaptations to help organisms survive and reproduce

    Subfields of Psychology

    • Environmental psychology: focuses on studying the effects of environmental characteristics on people's behavior and mental processes
    • Educational psychology: specializes in diagnosing learning disabilities and setting up programs to improve students' achievement and satisfaction in school
    • Social psychology: focuses on how people think about, relate to, influence, and are influenced by other people
    • Clinical psychology: specializes in helping troubled individuals overcome behavior disorders
    • Industrial-organizational psychology: focuses on improving the efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and organizations
    • Health psychology: specializes in studying the effects of behavior on health and the effects of illness on behavior and emotions
    • Forensic psychology: specializes in dealing with issues of psychology and the law, such as jury selection and evaluating defendants' mental competencies
    • Cognitive psychology: focuses on studying mental processes such as sensation, perception, learning, memory, thinking, consciousness, intelligence, and creativity
    • Developmental psychology: focuses on understanding the changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan
    • Neuropsychology: focuses on studying how biological processes in the brain and other organs affect behavior and mental processes

    Culture and Psychology

    • Culture: the set of shared attitudes, values, and beliefs that characterize a particular group of people
    • Subcultures: smaller groups within a larger culture that share similar values and beliefs
    • Culture plays a crucial role in shaping human behavior and thinking
    • People become aware of how culture or subculture has shaped their patterns of thinking and behavior when they encounter different cultural norms or practices

    Education and Career in Psychology

    • The required pathway to become a registered psychologist includes completing an undergraduate degree, a postgraduate degree, and a supervised internship
    • It takes a minimum of 6 years to become a registered psychologist after completing the undergraduate degree
    • The purpose of a graduate diploma in psychology is to provide a foundation in psychology for those who do not have a prior degree in psychology
    • Psychologists can work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, and private practice
    • The Australian Psychological Society (APS) accredits the minimum six years of training required to become a registered psychologist in Australia

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    Test your knowledge of the introduction to modern psychology with this quiz! Learn about the definition of psychology as a scientific discipline and how psychologists gather and analyze information about behavior and mental processes.

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