84 Questions
Which philosopher argued that human knowledge should be understood through empiricism?
John Locke
Who founded the first psychology research laboratory in Leipzig, Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
What technique did Wundt use to study consciousness?
Introspection
Who added 'clarity' as an element of sensation in the study of consciousness?
Edward Titchener
Which psychologists argued that consciousness can best be understood by observing it as a whole, not piece by piece?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler
Who believed that all behavior is motivated by unconscious conflicts within the mind?
Sigmund Freud
Which psychologist's approach focused on the role of consciousness in guiding decision-making and problem-solving?
William James
Who criticized making inferences about mental behavior by observing external behavior?
John B. Watson
What is the objective of psychology?
To understand behavior and mental processes
Who were some of the early philosophers interested in behavior and the mind?
Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates
What do psychologists rely on in their study of behavior and mental processes?
Knowledge based on experience and observation
What do psychologists do to reach informed conclusions and generate new questions?
Perform experiments and other scientific procedures
Which approach to psychology assumes that biological factors, such as hormones and genes, affect behavior and mental processes?
The biological approach
Which field combines psychotherapy skills with research from cognitive, industrial and organizational, and sport psychology?
Performance psychology
What did early philosophers debate about in relation to behavior and the mind?
All of the above
How do psychologists benefit from research even if they don't conduct it themselves?
They apply the results of their colleagues' studies
Which approach to psychology emphasizes how behavior and mental processes emerge as generation-to-generation adaptations to help organisms survive and reproduce?
The evolutionary approach
Which approach to psychology sees constant unconscious conflicts within each person as the main determinant of behavior and mental life?
The psychodynamic approach
Which approach to psychology sees behavior as primarily the result of learning and influenced by patterns of reward and punishment?
The behavioral approach
Which approach to psychology assumes that behavior and mental processes can be understood by studying unconscious conflicts within the mind?
The psychodynamic approach
Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of information processing and accurate measurement of mental activity?
The biological approach
Which approach to psychology combines features from multiple approaches to understand behavior and mental processes?
Most psychologists are eclectic
Which approach emphasizes the importance of thoughts and other mental processes?
The cognitive-behavioural approach
What does the humanistic approach believe about individuals?
They control themselves and are essentially good
What is the impact of the humanistic approach in psychology today?
Limited because the concepts and predictions are too vague to be expressed and tested scientifically
What is positive psychology rooted in?
The writings of humanistic psychologists
What does the cognitive-behavioural approach explore?
How learning affects the development of thoughts and beliefs
What do behaviourists focus on in their approach?
Observable behavior
What is the objective of science in relation to cognition?
To discover the components of cognition and determine how they produce complex behaviors
What do humanists search for in their approach?
To understand the perceptions and feelings of individuals
Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying the effects of environmental characteristics on people's behavior and mental processes?
Environmental psychology
Which subfield of psychology specializes in diagnosing learning disabilities and setting up programs to improve students' achievement and satisfaction in school?
Educational psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on how people think about, relate to, influence, and are influenced by other people?
Social psychology
Which subfield of psychology specializes in helping troubled individuals overcome behavior disorders?
Clinical psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on improving the efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and organizations?
Organizational psychology
Which subfield of psychology specializes in studying the effects of behavior on health and the effects of illness on behavior and emotions?
Health psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying characteristics of people who maintain optimism even in the face of stress or tragedy?
Positive psychology
Which subfield of psychology specializes in dealing with issues of psychology and the law, such as jury selection and evaluating defendants' mental competencies?
Forensic psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying how biological processes in the brain and other organs affect behavior and mental processes?
Biological psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on understanding the changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan?
Developmental psychology
Which subfield of psychology studies mental processes such as sensation, perception, learning, memory, thinking, consciousness, intelligence, and creativity?
Cognitive psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on how individuals are similar and different, using tests, interviews, and other measures?
Personality psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying the development of memory and other mental abilities, as well as parenting and preserving mental capacity in elderly people?
Developmental psychology
Which subfield of psychology uses research in engineering psychology or human factors to improve the design of instruments panels, computer keyboards, and other devices?
Cognitive psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on understanding the causes and effects of changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan?
Developmental psychology
Which of the following is NOT an element of culture?
Ethnicity
What is the main role of culture?
To anticipate the behavior of others
What are subcultures?
Individuals who identify with their cultural heritage
When do people become aware of how culture or subculture has shaped their patterns of thinking and behavior?
When they interact with people from different cultures
What has been found about communication patterns between men and women in Western countries?
There are subtle, culturally influenced differences
Which approach in psychology focuses on studying the physiological effects of hormones, genes, and the nervous system?
Biological Approach
Which perspective in psychology is concerned with how individuals adapt to their environment to survive and reproduce?
Evolutionary perspective
Which field of psychology has seen advancements in technology, particularly in brain imaging techniques?
Biological Psychology
Which approach in psychology believes that our actions and behaviors can be influenced by both our conscious and unconscious thoughts and desires?
Psychodynamic Approach
Which subfield of psychology focuses on studying what changes occur as individuals evolve to cope with living in the modern day?
Evolutionary Psychology
Which of the following best describes psychological literacy?
The ability to apply psychological science to meet personal, professional, and social needs
What is the required pathway to become a registered psychologist?
Complete an undergraduate degree plus a fourth year
How long does it take to become a registered psychologist after completing the undergraduate degree?
4 years
What is the purpose of a graduate diploma in psychology?
To jump into the fourth year of psychology following completion
In which settings can psychologists work?
Colleges, universities, mental health facilities, private practice, organizations, businesses, government
What is the main focus of the cognitive approach in psychology?
Investigating cognitive processes and perception
What is the main role of technology in the biological approach?
Monitoring brain activity during certain tasks
What is the main difference between the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches?
The psychodynamic approach involves making subjective interpretations, while the behavioral approach focuses on observable behavior
What is the main focus of the humanistic approach in psychology?
Understanding individual experiences and perceptions
What is the main role of the scientific method in psychology?
Systematically gathering evidence and planning research
Which organization accredits the minimum six years of training required to become a registered psychologist in Australia?
Australian Psychology Accreditation Council
In which industry can psychologists be employed?
Health and Community Services
What is the evolutionary perspective's explanation for the development of human behaviors?
They are the result of genetic adaptations
What is the minimum number of years of training required to become a registered psychologist in Australia?
6 years
Which organization provides more information about the registration requirements to become a registered psychologist in Australia?
Australian Psychological Society
What is the main focus of psychologists in their profession?
Conducting research
What is the role of culture in shaping human behavior and thinking?
Primary role
What is the main requirement to become a registered psychologist in Australia?
Obtaining a graduate degree
Which industry is NOT mentioned as a potential employment sector for psychologists?
Health and community services
What is the purpose of a graduate diploma in psychology?
To specialize in a specific area of psychology
Which subfield of psychology focuses on the relationship between environmental events (stimuli) and responses to them?
Behaviourist perspective
Which subfield of psychology emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual and focuses on the person's immediate experience?
Humanistic perspective
Which subfield of psychology focuses on how people store, process, and retrieve information?
Cognitive perspective
Which early psychological viewpoint attempted to determine the structure of consciousness?
Structuralism
Which early psychological viewpoint attempted to explain psychological processes in terms of the role or function they play?
Functionalism
Which perspective in psychology suggests that most psychological processes that guide behavior are unconscious?
Psychodynamic perspective
Which perspective in psychology focuses on understanding the mind through understanding the biological activity of the brain?
Psychodynamic perspective
Which perspective in psychology focuses on the influence of membership in a larger group, such as a tribe or nation?
Psychodynamic perspective
Which perspective in psychology focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes as generation-to-generation adaptations to help organisms survive and reproduce?
Psychodynamic perspective
Study Notes
Empiricism and Consciousness
- John Locke argued that human knowledge should be understood through empiricism
- Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychology research laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
- Wundt used introspection to study consciousness
- Hermann Ebbinghaus added 'clarity' as an element of sensation in the study of consciousness
Early Philosophers and Psychologists
- Early philosophers interested in behavior and the mind included Plato, Aristotle, and René Descartes
- Psychologists rely on systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation in their study of behavior and mental processes
- They also rely on evidence-based research to reach informed conclusions and generate new questions
Approaches to Psychology
- Biological approach: assumes that biological factors, such as hormones and genes, affect behavior and mental processes
- Cognitive approach: emphasizes the role of consciousness in guiding decision-making and problem-solving
- Humanistic approach: emphasizes the importance of thoughts and other mental processes
- Psychodynamic approach: sees constant unconscious conflicts within each person as the main determinant of behavior and mental life
- Behavioral approach: sees behavior as primarily the result of learning and influenced by patterns of reward and punishment
- Cognitive-behavioral approach: explores how behavior and mental processes can be understood by studying thought patterns and behaviors
- Evolutionary approach: sees behavior and mental processes as emerging as generation-to-generation adaptations to help organisms survive and reproduce
Subfields of Psychology
- Environmental psychology: focuses on studying the effects of environmental characteristics on people's behavior and mental processes
- Educational psychology: specializes in diagnosing learning disabilities and setting up programs to improve students' achievement and satisfaction in school
- Social psychology: focuses on how people think about, relate to, influence, and are influenced by other people
- Clinical psychology: specializes in helping troubled individuals overcome behavior disorders
- Industrial-organizational psychology: focuses on improving the efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and organizations
- Health psychology: specializes in studying the effects of behavior on health and the effects of illness on behavior and emotions
- Forensic psychology: specializes in dealing with issues of psychology and the law, such as jury selection and evaluating defendants' mental competencies
- Cognitive psychology: focuses on studying mental processes such as sensation, perception, learning, memory, thinking, consciousness, intelligence, and creativity
- Developmental psychology: focuses on understanding the changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan
- Neuropsychology: focuses on studying how biological processes in the brain and other organs affect behavior and mental processes
Culture and Psychology
- Culture: the set of shared attitudes, values, and beliefs that characterize a particular group of people
- Subcultures: smaller groups within a larger culture that share similar values and beliefs
- Culture plays a crucial role in shaping human behavior and thinking
- People become aware of how culture or subculture has shaped their patterns of thinking and behavior when they encounter different cultural norms or practices
Education and Career in Psychology
- The required pathway to become a registered psychologist includes completing an undergraduate degree, a postgraduate degree, and a supervised internship
- It takes a minimum of 6 years to become a registered psychologist after completing the undergraduate degree
- The purpose of a graduate diploma in psychology is to provide a foundation in psychology for those who do not have a prior degree in psychology
- Psychologists can work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, and private practice
- The Australian Psychological Society (APS) accredits the minimum six years of training required to become a registered psychologist in Australia
Test your knowledge of the introduction to modern psychology with this quiz! Learn about the definition of psychology as a scientific discipline and how psychologists gather and analyze information about behavior and mental processes.
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