Historical Figures and Treatments in Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What type of therapy did Philippe Pinel contribute to in mental institutions?

Cognitive therapy

Moral therapy (correct)

Psychoanalytic therapy

Behavioral therapy

Which individual is known for developing the principles of operant conditioning?

Sigmund Freud

Ivan Pavlov

Carl Rogers

B.F. Skinner (correct)

What approach is Anna Freud associated with regarding defense mechanisms?

Cognitive therapy

Behaviorism

Psychoanalysis (correct)

Humanistic psychology

What was a significant contribution of Dorothea Dix in the field of mental health?

Campaign for humane treatment in mental institutions Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy effectively treats phobias based on behavioral science, as introduced by Joseph Wolpe?

Systematic desensitization Signup and view all the answers

What did the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory aim to achieve when it was published?

Assess personality traits Signup and view all the answers

What significant theory did Josef Breuer contribute to in the field of psychology?

Psychoanalytic theory Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is specifically responsible for causing syphilis, according to historical medical advances?

Treponema pallidum Signup and view all the answers

What does alogia refer to in the context of schizophrenia symptoms?

Relative absence of speech Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes negative symptoms from positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms involve the absence or decrease of normal functions Signup and view all the answers

What does affective flattening indicate in terms of emotional expression?

Lack of emotional expression Signup and view all the answers

What is catatonia best described as?

An abnormal disturbance in movement behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom involves a lack of pleasure, especially in activities typically found enjoyable?

Anhedonia Signup and view all the answers

Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia can include which of the following?

Tangentiality Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ambivalence refer to in schizophrenia?

Coexistence of contradictory feelings or ideas Signup and view all the answers

What are the three levels of severity for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) according to DSM-5?

Level 1 requiring support, Level 2 requiring substantial support, Level 3 requiring very substantial support Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic behavior of Rett Disorder?

Poor coordination Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement to diagnose Intellectual Disability (ID)?

Significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning before the age of 18 Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic disorder is associated with having an extra 21st chromosome?

Down Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

ASD is always associated with low IQ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the chronic nature of Intellectual Disability?

Individuals do not experience periods of remission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a level of support typically required by individuals with Intellectual Disabilities?

Excessive Signup and view all the answers

What impact do genetic influences have on Intellectual Disability?

They may contribute to several types of ID, including chromosomal disorders Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes cyclothymia regarding its duration and symptoms?

Symptoms must have been present for at least 2 years with no gaps longer than 2 months. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bipolar disorders, what is considered a rapid-cycling pattern?

Having four or more manic or depressive episodes within a year. Signup and view all the answers

What typically describes the average age of onset for bipolar II disorder?

Ages 19 to 22. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age of onset for bipolar I disorder?

15 to 18 years. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a diagnosis of cyclothymia?

At least one major depressive episode. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor complicates treatment in individuals with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder?

Rapid fluctuation between depressive and manic episodes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the onset of bipolar disorder?

It always starts in childhood. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is part of the criteria for depressive episodes?

Significant loss of interest or pleasure. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the symptoms needed to fulfill Criterion A for complicated grief?

Marked affective lability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a symptom listed for Criterion B of complicated grief?

Difficulty in sleeping Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of major depressive disorder decreases in prepubertal children compared to adults?

Prevalence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is not considered part of the common presentation for depressed mood?

Increased energy levels Signup and view all the answers

How is 'Other Specified Depressive Disorder' characterized?

It causes impairment without meeting full criteria for any depressive disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates a potential depressive disorder related to changes in sensory perception?

Breast tenderness or swelling Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of anxiety that can also occur in complicated grief?

Feeling of being keyed up or on edge Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend regarding the prevalence of major depressive disorder in individuals over 65?

It is about half that of the general population Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Historical Figures in Psychology

Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalytic theory, emphasizing the role of unconscious processes.
Abraham Maslow is known for the hierarchy of needs, focusing on human motivation.
Carl Rogers developed person-centered therapy, promoting unconditional positive regard.
Ivan Pavlov, awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904, conducted classical conditioning experiments with dogs, demonstrating conditioned reflexes.

Early Psychological Treatments

Bloodletting and leeches were once used to balance bodily fluids.
Philippe Pinel advocated for moral therapy, reforming French mental institutions to be more humane.
Dorothea Dix campaigned for improved treatment in American mental institutions, advocating for humane practices.

Developments in Medical Psychology

Syphilis was identified as caused by a specific bacterium, treatable with penicillin (1938).
John Watson conditioned fear in the Little Albert experiment using a white rat (1920).
B.F. Skinner published principles of operant conditioning, studying behaviors of organisms (1948).
Insulin shock and electric shock therapies were used for severe mental disorders.

Personality & Diagnostic Tools

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was published in 1943 as a psychological assessment tool.
The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was published in 1952.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Majority of individuals with ASD do not have low IQ scores; false belief.
Three levels of severity (DSM-5) in ASD: Level 1 requires support, Level 2 requires substantial support, Level 3 requires very substantial support.
Rett Disorder is a genetic condition affecting females, characterized by hand-wringing and poor coordination. It has been misattributed to parenting failures.

Intellectual Disabilities (ID)

Intellectual disability diagnosed when an individual has significantly subaverage intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior deficits, evident before age 18.
Levels of needed support include intermittent, limited, extensive, and pervasive.
The course of ID is chronic, not fluctuating like other disorders.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms include alogia (lack of speech), affective flattening (lack of emotion), anhedonia (lack of pleasure), asocial behavior, and avolition (lack of motivation).
Positive symptoms involve hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, and inappropriate emotional responses.
Disorganized symptoms present as difficult organizational communication and tangential speech.

Bipolar Disorder

Average onset for Bipolar I disorder is 15-18 years; Bipolar II onset is 19-22 years.
Rapid-cycling is characterized by at least four episodes (manic or depressive) within a year, typically resistant to standard treatments.
Cyclothymia results in chronic mood swings over two years, potentially developing into full-blown bipolar disorder.

Depressive Disorders

Major depressive disorder is marked by a depressed mood or a loss of interest/pleasure, plus additional symptoms for at least two weeks.
Prepubertal children show lower rates of major depressive disorders, which increase dramatically during adolescence.
Complicated grief can impact relationships and overall functioning and is assessed by daily symptom tracking.

Other Depressive Disorders

Other Specified Depressive Disorder causes significant impairment without meeting full criteria for diagnosis.
Symptoms can include mood swings, irritability, lethargy, appetite changes, and feelings of being overwhelmed.

This guide summarizes key concepts, theories, and historical developments in psychology, mental health treatments, and disorders.

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Description

Explore key historical figures in psychology, their theories, and early treatments used in mental health. Learn about the contributions of Freud, Maslow, Rogers, and others who shaped the understanding of psychological processes and treatments from antiquity to modern times.