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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of microbiology?
What is the primary focus of microbiology?
How do viruses influence marine environments, according to the information provided?
How do viruses influence marine environments, according to the information provided?
Which description accurately characterizes microorganisms?
Which description accurately characterizes microorganisms?
What is the estimated rate of viral infections occurring in the oceans?
What is the estimated rate of viral infections occurring in the oceans?
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Which of the following statements about viruses is accurate?
Which of the following statements about viruses is accurate?
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What percentage of bacterial cells do viral infections remove from oceans daily?
What percentage of bacterial cells do viral infections remove from oceans daily?
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Which principle illustrates the variety found in microorganisms?
Which principle illustrates the variety found in microorganisms?
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Why might it be challenging to study microorganisms directly?
Why might it be challenging to study microorganisms directly?
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Which of the following defines mutualism in biology?
Which of the following defines mutualism in biology?
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What are the two main categories of microorganisms?
What are the two main categories of microorganisms?
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Which type of organism is NOT classified as cellular?
Which type of organism is NOT classified as cellular?
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What characterizes a parasitic relationship?
What characterizes a parasitic relationship?
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Which discipline primarily focuses on the study of viruses?
Which discipline primarily focuses on the study of viruses?
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Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes are classifications under which category?
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes are classifications under which category?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a cellular microbe?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a cellular microbe?
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The relationship where one organism benefits while the other is harmed is termed as what?
The relationship where one organism benefits while the other is harmed is termed as what?
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What type of relationship is described when one party benefits at the expense of another in the context of viruses?
What type of relationship is described when one party benefits at the expense of another in the context of viruses?
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What do the proteins in a virus's structure primarily determine?
What do the proteins in a virus's structure primarily determine?
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What unique feature do viruses possess that distinguishes them from living organisms?
What unique feature do viruses possess that distinguishes them from living organisms?
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Which of the following components is NOT typically found in the structure of a virus?
Which of the following components is NOT typically found in the structure of a virus?
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What is the primary benefit of adapting viral infections for medical purposes?
What is the primary benefit of adapting viral infections for medical purposes?
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Which term describes all viruses being small and made up of nucleic acids and proteins?
Which term describes all viruses being small and made up of nucleic acids and proteins?
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What component of a virus plays a crucial role in protecting its genetic material?
What component of a virus plays a crucial role in protecting its genetic material?
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Which relationship describes the interaction where viruses and host cells are involved?
Which relationship describes the interaction where viruses and host cells are involved?
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What is the term used to describe a virus's restriction to infecting specific types of cells of only one host species?
What is the term used to describe a virus's restriction to infecting specific types of cells of only one host species?
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During which stage do viral nucleic acids hijack the host's cellular machinery?
During which stage do viral nucleic acids hijack the host's cellular machinery?
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What optional process may occur involving viral DNA becoming part of the host genome?
What optional process may occur involving viral DNA becoming part of the host genome?
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What aspect of some small viruses, like Hepatitis D, defines their need for other viruses for replication?
What aspect of some small viruses, like Hepatitis D, defines their need for other viruses for replication?
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Which component is crucial for the assembly of new viral particles?
Which component is crucial for the assembly of new viral particles?
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Which term describes the initial interaction between a virus and a host cell?
Which term describes the initial interaction between a virus and a host cell?
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What is the unique protective structure surrounding the viral genome?
What is the unique protective structure surrounding the viral genome?
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What unique feature do viruses possess that distinguishes them from other microbes?
What unique feature do viruses possess that distinguishes them from other microbes?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Microbiology
- The study of microorganisms, single-celled or clustered, including viruses and worms
- Microorganisms are microscopic and require microscopy to be seen
- They have a significant impact on life and the environment
- The rate of viral infections in oceans is about 1 × 1023 infections per second, which eliminates 20–40% of bacterial cells daily.
Biologic Principles Illustrated By Microbiology
- Microorganisms, cells, and viruses have diverse forms and functions despite being invisible to the naked eye.
- Biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics are instrumental in analyzing microorganisms.
Cellular and Acellular Microbes
- Cellular microbes include eukaryotes and prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists).
- Acellular microbes are viruses.
Symbiosis
- Symbiosis is a continuous association between different organisms.
- Mutualism (symbiosis) is a relationship where both parties benefit.
- Parasitism is a relationship where one party (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host).
Viruses & Hosts
- Most virus-host relationships are considered parasitic.
- Viruses can be beneficial, as their specificity is being used to develop new vaccines and therapeutic agents.
Viruses
- Viral particles are generally small, containing a nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid).
- The capsid protects the nucleic acid.
- Some viruses are surrounded by an envelope made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Proteins, particularly glycoproteins, in the capsid or envelope determine the specificity of interaction with the host cell (tropism).
Viruses & Reproduction
- Viruses are distinct from living creatures because they only reproduce when infecting a cell.
- They infect various hosts, including plants, animals, protists, fungi, and bacteria.
Virus Life Cycle
- Attachment and Penetration: Viral surface proteins facilitate binding to and entry into the host cell.
- Replication and Assembly: Viral nucleic acid hijacks host cellular machinery to produce viral components.
- Integration (Optional): Some viral DNA integrates into the host genome as a provirus.
- Maturation and Release: New viral particles are assembled and released from the host cell.
- Viral Dependency: Some small viruses, like Hepatitis D, require assistance from other viruses (e.g., Hepatitis B) for replication.
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