Introduction to Materials Science

What is the primary goal of materials science?

Which of the following types of materials is NOT mentioned in the introductory topics?

What is the primary focus of engineers when utilizing materials?

Which atomic structure element is closely related to predicting material properties?

What aspect of materials is studied through orbital diagrams?

Which of the following is NOT a family of materials engineers commonly use?

What is the main difference between metals and polymers in terms of properties?

Which atomic particle is located inside the nucleus?

Who proposed the current atomic structure related to electron shells?

Which of the following methods is used to characterize materials through their structure?

What is the approximate mass of an electron?

Which of the following properties does NOT directly relate to atomic structure?

Which materials processing method is associated with shaping metals?

Which shell has the highest principal quantum number and the most energy?

How many sub-shells are present in the n = 3 shell?

Which of the following correctly defines the number of sub-shells in the n = 2 shell?

Which statement about shells defined by principal quantum number 'n' is accurate?

What is the relationship between the number of sub-shells and the principal quantum number 'n'?

Materials science studies the relationship between the structure of materials, the processing methods to make that material, and the resulting material properties.
Focuses on transforming materials into useful devices or structures.
Classification of materials includes metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites.
Characterization techniques for materials: Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction.
Processing methods: Rolling, Deformation, Casting, Extrusion.
Material properties of interest: Electrical, Mechanical (Strength, Hardness), Chemical (Resistance), Thermal.

Materials are made up of atoms
An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist
Components of an atom include protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons have a positive charge and are located inside the nucleus
Neutrons have no electric charge and are located inside the nucleus
Electrons have a negative charge and are located outside the nucleus
The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons, and most of the atom's mass
The nucleus has a positive charge due to the presence of protons

Electrons are arranged in shells, defined by the principal quantum number (n)
The lowest energy shell has n = 1, and higher shells have higher energy and higher n values
The higher the n value of an electron, the further from the nucleus it orbits

Shells are split into subshells with slightly different energies
Difference in energy between subshells is less than the difference in energy between shells
A shell with a given n will have n subshells (e.g., n = 3 shell has three subshells)