Introduction to Management Principles

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Questions and Answers

What two main dimensions are used to assess in-role performance?

Productivity and quality.

What are organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs)?

Actions and behaviours that go beyond formal job requirements but enhance overall organisational effectiveness.

Give an example of helping behaviour in the workplace.

Assisting a colleague with a challenging task.

What does sportsmanship in the workplace entail?

Exhibiting a positive attitude and tolerating inconveniences without complaint. Signup and view all the answers

What behaviours demonstrate organisational loyalty?

Speaking positively about the company and defending it against criticism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of organisational compliance?

It ensures adherence to company rules and regulatory procedures. Signup and view all the answers

Describe individual initiative in a work context.

Demonstrating proactiveness and willingness to exceed minimum job requirements. Signup and view all the answers

What does civic virtue refer to regarding an employee's participation in an organization?

Responsible participation in the organisation's affairs and staying informed. Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of self-development activities that benefit an organization?

Examples include taking professional development courses, attending industry conferences, and pursuing certifications. Signup and view all the answers

Identify and explain two key elements of group-level performance.

The key elements are Inputs, which encompass individual contributions, and Outputs, which are the outcomes of the group's work. Signup and view all the answers

What is process loss in the context of group performance?

Process loss refers to any aspect of group interaction that hinders effective problem solving or collaboration. Signup and view all the answers

How can goal compatibility affect group performance?

Goal compatibility ensures that individual goals support group goals, reducing conflict and enhancing overall performance. Signup and view all the answers

Why is incentive alignment important in a group setting?

Incentive alignment is crucial because it encourages both individual and group efforts to thrive, fostering teamwork. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of matching goals and reward structures in an organization.

Matching goals and reward structures reinforces desired behaviors, ensuring focus on both individual and team performance. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the characteristics of active learners.

Active learners thrive on engaging with information through discussions and applications rather than passive note-taking. Signup and view all the answers

What challenges might active learners face in traditional lecture settings?

Active learners may struggle with traditional lectures because they primarily involve passive note-taking without interactive engagement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main preferences of reflective learners compared to active learners in a group work setting?

Reflective learners prefer to contemplate information quietly and may favor working alone, while active learners are often more engaged in group activities. Signup and view all the answers

How do sensing learners differ from intuitive learners in their learning preferences?

Sensing learners favor concrete information and practical applications, while intuitive learners are drawn to abstract concepts and exploring relationships between ideas. Signup and view all the answers

What types of learning environments do visual learners thrive in?

Visual learners thrive in environments that present information through pictures, diagrams, and films. Signup and view all the answers

Why might sensing learners find rote memorization unappealing?

Sensing learners may find rote memorization unappealing because they prefer learning through practical applications and concrete information. Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do sequential learners face regarding the connection of knowledge across subjects?

Sequential learners may be knowledgeable in specific areas but struggle to connect different aspects of the same subject or to integrate concepts across different subjects. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do global learners excel in problem-solving?

Global learners excel in quickly solving complex problems and finding innovative solutions once they understand the overall concept. Signup and view all the answers

What factors might demotivate intuitive learners in an educational setting?

Intuitive learners may be demotivated by repetitive tasks and courses that emphasize rote memorization. Signup and view all the answers

How might a reflective learner's approach affect their contribution in group work settings?

A reflective learner's approach may lead them to contribute thoughtfully after contemplation, but they might appear less engaged in active discussions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of top managers in an organization?

Top managers are responsible for developing the organization's strategy and serving as stewards for its vision and mission. Signup and view all the answers

How does the role of a project manager differ from that of a functional manager?

A project manager focuses on planning, executing, and closing specific projects, while a functional manager oversees the efficiency and effectiveness of a particular area of the organization. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four basic functions of management?

The four basic functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Signup and view all the answers

Name the three categories of managerial roles according to Mintzberg.

The three categories of managerial roles are interpersonal roles, informational roles, and decisional roles. Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the planning function of management?

The planning function involves setting objectives and determining the course of action to achieve those objectives. Signup and view all the answers

Define strategic planning and its importance.

Strategic planning is long-term planning that involves analyzing the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to position it competitively. Signup and view all the answers

What does controlling in management aim to achieve?

Controlling aims to ensure that organizational performance does not deviate from established standards. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the idea that corporations have obligations to constituents beyond just stockholders, including social and environmental responsibilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of environmental scanning in the planning process?

Environmental scanning helps managers to understand external conditions and trends that may impact the organization's strategy and objectives. Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between in-role performance and extra-role performance.

In-role performance refers to the tasks outlined in an individual's formal job description, while extra-role performance includes behaviors that go beyond these formal duties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the triple bottom line in business performance assessment?

The triple bottom line measures business performance along social, environmental, and economic dimensions, highlighting a more holistic view of success. Signup and view all the answers

How do leaders influence action within a team?

Leaders use social and informal sources of influence to inspire and motivate team members to take action. Signup and view all the answers

What role does organizational design play in the organizing function?

Organizational design involves decisions about the structure of the organization, impacting how resources and responsibilities are allocated to meet objectives. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of the vision and mission in the planning function.

The vision and mission provide a clear direction for the organization, aligning all planning efforts towards common objectives. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learner is likely to excel in hands-on work such as laboratory experiments?

Sensing learners Signup and view all the answers

Intuitive learners prefer rote memorization and established methods.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do visual learners excel in for retaining information?

Visual presentations such as pictures, diagrams, and films. Signup and view all the answers

Reflective learners prefer to contemplate information quietly before taking ______.

action Signup and view all the answers

Match the following learner types with their preferences:

Sensing learners = Prefer established methods Intuitive learners = Drawn to abstract concepts Visual learners = Retain information visually Global learners = Excel in innovative solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learner tends to struggle with connecting different aspects of a subject?

Sequential learners Signup and view all the answers

Active learners prefer working alone rather than in group settings.

False Signup and view all the answers

What can demotivate intuitive learners in an educational environment?

Repetition and rote memorization. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an activity related to self-development?

Pursuing certifications Signup and view all the answers

Process losses in group performance can occur due to effective communication.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should individual goals do in relation to group goals?

Support and contribute to the achievement of group goals. Signup and view all the answers

Active learners prefer to learn through _____, such as discussing or applying concepts.

doing Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of group performance with their correct descriptions:

Inputs = The individual contributions of each group member Process Losses = Hindrances to effective collaboration Outputs = The final results of group efforts Goal Compatibility = Alignment of individual and group objectives Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'Helping Behaviour' within organisational citizenship behaviours?

Going beyond formal job requirements to assist others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not promote teamwork in an organization?

A reward system focusing on individual performance Signup and view all the answers

Sportsmanship involves a negative approach to challenges and inconveniences.

False Signup and view all the answers

Reflective learners prefer active engagement over passive learning experiences.

False Signup and view all the answers

Identify a factor that could lead to process losses in group performance.

Poor communication or interpersonal conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What is organisational compliance?

Adherence to company rules, regulations, and procedures. Signup and view all the answers

___________ refers to responsible participation in the organization's affairs, such as attending meetings and staying informed.

Civic Virtue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'Organisational Loyalty'?

Recommending the company's products to friends Signup and view all the answers

Individual initiative consists of showing a lack of proactiveness in work tasks.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following behaviours to their definitions:

Helping Behaviour = Assisting colleagues with tasks Sportsmanship = Maintaining a positive attitude Organisational Loyalty = Speaking positively about the organization Organisational Compliance = Adhering to rules and procedures Signup and view all the answers

List two dimensions used to assess in-role performance.

Productivity and Quality Signup and view all the answers

Which type of manager is responsible for the overall strategy and vision of an organization?

Top Manager Signup and view all the answers

Operational planning is focused on long-term goals.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of strategic management?

The development and implementation of effective strategies. Signup and view all the answers

The ________ role involves gathering and distributing information within the organization.

monitor Signup and view all the answers

Match the managerial roles with their descriptions:

Leader = Defines the relationship between manager and employee Spokesperson = Disseminates the organization's information to its environment Entrepreneur = Indicates change within the organization Monitor = Receives and collects information Signup and view all the answers

Which management function involves ensuring performance meets established standards?

Controlling Signup and view all the answers

Corporate Social Responsibility focuses only on financial performance.

False Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'virtuous cycle' in relation to organizations.

A process where organizations invest in social and environmental initiatives to enhance their reputation and performance. Signup and view all the answers

________ planning involves analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to efficiently compete.

Strategic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Mintzberg's managerial roles?

Advisor Signup and view all the answers

Job design involves decisions about the structure of an organization.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the planning process in management?

To set objectives and determine the best course of action to achieve them. Signup and view all the answers

In-role performance consists of tasks outlined in an individual's ________ job description.

formal Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of planning with their descriptions:

Strategic Planning = Long-term positioning Tactical Planning = Medium-term implementation Operational Planning = Short-term action steps Contingency Planning = Plans for unexpected events Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Management Defined

Management is the skill of achieving objectives through the efforts of others.

Types of Managers

Top Managers: Develop organizational strategy and oversee its vision and mission.
Functional Managers: Ensure efficiency and effectiveness within a specific department.
Line Managers: Lead functions directly contributing to the product or service.
Team Managers: Coordinate specific subgroups within a function.
Staff Managers: Lead functions providing indirect support.
Project Managers: Plan, execute, and close projects.
General Managers: Manage revenue-generating units.

Management Functions

Planning: Setting objectives and determining action plans to achieve them.
Organizing: Structuring the organization and allocating resources.
Leading: Inspiring others to take action through social and informal influence.
Controlling: Ensuring performance stays aligned with standards.

Mintzberg's 10 Managerial Roles

Interpersonal Roles:
- Figurehead: Represents the organization in formal settings.
- Leader: Defines the manager-employee relationship.
- Liaison: Connects with peers and external parties.
Informational Roles:
- Monitor: Gathers and collects information.
- Disseminator: Shares information within the organization.
- Spokesperson: Communicates organizational information to the external environment.
Decisional Roles:
- Entrepreneur: Drives change within the organization.
- Disturbance Handler: Addresses threats to the organization.
- Resource Allocator: Makes decisions about resource allocation and expansion.
- Negotiator: Negotiates on behalf of the organization.

Leadership, Entrepreneurship, and Strategy

Leadership: Influencing others through social and informal approaches to inspire action.
Entrepreneurship: Recognizing opportunities and utilizing resources to implement innovative ideas.
Entrepreneur: Someone who engages in the process of entrepreneurship.
Strategy: The core concept of how an organization will achieve its objectives, focusing on external factors.
Strategic Management: The body of knowledge guiding strategy development and implementation.

The P-O-L-C Framework

Planning:
- Vision and Mission: Defining the organization's purpose and long-term direction.
- Strategizing: Developing actionable plans to achieve objectives.
- Goals and Objectives: Setting specific, measurable targets.
Organizing:
- Organization Design: Creating the structure of the organization.
- Culture: Fostering a shared sense of values and beliefs.
- Social Networks: Building relationships and collaborations within and outside the organization.
Leading:
- Leadership: Inspiring and motivating individuals and teams.
- Decision Making: Making informed choices to guide the organization.
- Communication: Effectively transmitting and receiving information.
- Teams: Building and managing effective teams.
- Motivation: Inspiring and incentivizing individuals.
Controlling:
- Systems: Establishing processes and procedures to monitor performance.
- Strategic Human Resources: Aligning human resources with organizational goals.

Planning

Planning Process:
- Environmental Scanning: Analyzing the external environment.
- Forecasting Future Conditions: Making predictions about future trends.
- Establishing Objectives: Defining clear goals.
- Identifying Alternatives: Exploring different courses of action.
- Decision-Making: Choosing the best course of action.
- Implementing Steps: Putting plans into action.
- Evaluating Success: Monitoring progress and making adjustments.

Types of Planning

Strategic Planning: Long-term planning, focusing on competitive advantage.
Tactical Planning: Medium-term planning, implementing strategic goals.
Operational Planning: Short-term planning, supporting strategic and tactical plans.

Organizing

Organizational Design: Shaping the structure and hierarchy of the organization.
Job Design: Defining the duties and responsibilities for individual roles.
Job Enrichment: Designing jobs that offer autonomy and variety to enhance motivation.

Leading

Leading involves using both formal and informal sources of influence to inspire action.

Controlling

Steps in Controlling:
- Establishing Performance Standards: Defining measurable targets.
- Comparing Performance: Assessing actual performance against standards.
- Corrective Action: Taking steps to address deviations.

Triple Bottom Line

Economic Performance: Success in generating benefits for owners.
Social Performance: Impact on employees, customers, and communities.
Environmental Performance: Impact on the environment.

Organizations have obligations to stakeholders beyond shareholders.
Investing in social and environmental initiatives can create a virtuous cycle leading to enhanced reputation, employee attraction, and economic performance.

Performance: Individual and Group Level

Individual Level:
- In-role Performance: Fulfilling duties outlined in job description.
- Extra-role Performance: Going beyond formal expectations.
- Organizational Citizenship Behaviours (OCBs): Contributing to the organization's effectiveness beyond job requirements.
- Helping Others: Altruism, assisting colleagues.
- Sportsmanship: Positive attitude, accepting inconveniences.
- Organizational Loyalty: Advocating for the organization.
- Organizational Compliance: Following rules and procedures.
- Individual Initiative: Taking proactive measures.
- Civic Virtue: Engaging in organizational affairs.
- Self-Development: Investing in personal growth.
Group Level:
- Inputs: Individual contributions to the group.
- Process Losses: Factors hindering group effectiveness.
- Outputs: The final product or outcome.
- Goal Compatibility: Aligning individual and group goals.
- Incentive Alignment: Rewarding both individual and group contributions.

Learning Styles

Active Learners: Engage by doing, discussing, and applying concepts.
Reflective Learners: Contemplate information before acting.
Sensing Learners: Prefer concrete information and practical applications.
Intuitive Learners: Prefer abstract concepts and exploring possibilities.
Visual Learners: Retain information through visuals.
Verbal Learners: Retain information through written or spoken words.
Sequential Learners: Focus on logical steps and specific understanding.
Global Learners: Grasp the big picture and solve complex problems.

Introduction to Principles of Management

Management is the art of getting things done through the efforts of others.

Manager Types

Top Managers: Develop organizational strategies and guide its vision/mission.
Functional Managers: Ensure efficiency and effectiveness within a specific department (e.g., marketing, finance).
Line Managers: Directly contribute to the production/service of a company (e.g., production manager, sales manager).
Team Managers: Coordinate a subgroup within a specific function.
Staff Managers: Lead functions that provide indirect support (e.g., HR, legal).
Project Managers: Oversee planning, execution, and closure of projects.
General Managers: Manage a distinct revenue-generating unit.

Basic Management Functions

Planning: Setting objectives and determining a course of action to achieve them.
Organizing: Developing an organizational structure and allocating resources to achieve objectives.
Leading: Using social and informal influence to inspire others.
Controlling: Ensuring performance aligns with standards.

Mintzberg's 10 Managerial Roles

Interpersonal Roles
- Figurehead: Represents the organization formally.
- Leader: Defines the manager-employee relationship.
- Liaison: Interacts with peers and external contacts.
Informational Roles
- Monitor: Gathers and collects information.
- Disseminator: Shares specific information within the organization.
- Spokesperson: Communicates organizational information to the external environment.
Decisional Roles
- Entrepreneur: Identifies and implements change.
- Disturbance Handler: Addresses threats to the organization.
- Resource Allocator: Decides on organizational expansion.
- Negotiator: Represents the organization in negotiations.

Leadership and Entrepreneurship

Leadership: Using influence to inspire action in others.
Entrepreneurship: Recognizing opportunities, utilizing resources, and implementing innovative ideas.
Entrepreneur: A person who engages in entrepreneurship.

Strategy and Strategic Management

Strategy: The overarching plan for achieving organizational objectives.
Strategic Management: The body of knowledge that guides strategy development and implementation.

P-O-L-C Framework

Planning:
- Vision and Mission: Clear statements about the organization's desired future and purpose.
- Strategizing: Developing a winning strategy to compete effectively in the marketplace.
- Goals and Objectives: Measurable targets that guide the organization's efforts.
Organizing:
- Organization Design: Determining the structure of the organization.
- Culture: The shared values, beliefs, and behaviors of the organization.
- Social Networks: The relationships and connections within the organization.
Leading:
- Leadership: Guiding and motivating individuals and teams.
- Decision Making: Choosing among alternatives to achieve goals.
- Communications: Facilitating information flow within the organization.
- Teams: Creating and managing effective teams.
- Motivation: Inspiring and motivating employees to perform at their best.
Controlling:
- Systems: Putting in place processes to monitor and measure performance.
- Strategic Human Resources: Managing human capital to achieve objectives.

Planning Process

Environmental Scanning: Analyzing the external environment.
Forecasting: Predicting future conditions.
Establishing Objectives: Specifying desired outcomes.
Identifying Alternatives: Exploring different courses of action.
Making Decisions: Choosing the best approach.
Formulating Steps: Developing the necessary steps.
Evaluating Success: Regularly assessing the plan's effectiveness.

Types of Planning

Strategic Planning: Long-term, analyzing SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and positioning the organization for success.
Tactical Planning: Medium-term, developing specific ways to implement strategic plans.
Operational Planning: Short-term, focusing on specific actions to support strategic and tactical goals.

Organizing

Organizational Design: Shaping the structure of the organization.
Job Design: Defining the responsibilities and duties of individual positions.
Job Enrichment: Creating jobs that offer variety and autonomy.

Controlling

Establishing Performance Standards: Setting benchmarks for success.
Comparing Actual Performance: Evaluating how well current results match standards.
Taking Corrective Action: Making necessary adjustments to improve performance.

Triple Bottom Line

Economic Performance: Focusing on profitability for owners.
Social and Environmental Performance: Beyond economic considerations, it focuses on the impact of the organization on society and the environment.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The belief that organizations should consider the interests of all stakeholders, not just shareholders, and beyond legal or contractual obligations.
Virtuous Cycle: Investing in social and environmental initiatives can lead to positive outcomes like enhanced reputation, employee retention, stronger culture, and ultimately, improved economic performance.

Performance Levels

Individual Level Performance
- In-Role Performance: Tasks outlined in one's job description, evaluated on productivity and quality.
- Extra-Role Performance (Organizational Citizenship Behaviors - OCBs): Actions beyond job requirements that benefit the organization. Examples:
  - Helping Behaviour: Assisting colleagues, offering extra help, resolving conflict.
  - Sportsmanship: Maintaining a positive attitude, tolerating inconvenience, avoiding negativity.
  - Organizational Loyalty: Demonstrating dedication to the organization (e.g., speaking positively about the company).
  - Organizational Compliance: Following company rules and procedures.
  - Individual Initiative: Taking initiative and going beyond expectations.
  - Civic Virtue: Participating responsibly in organizational affairs.
  - Self-Development: Engaging in activities to improve knowledge and skills.
Group Level Performance
- Inputs: Individual contributions of each member (e.g., skills, knowledge, effort).
- Process Losses: Factors that hinder effective problem-solving and collaboration (e.g., poor communication, conflict).
- Outputs: The final product or outcome of group work.

Compatibility of Individual and Group Performance

Goal Compatibility: Aligning individual goals with group goals.
Incentive Alignment: Rewarding both individual and group efforts.
Matching Goals and Reward Structures: Using reward systems to encourage desired behaviors.

Learning Styles

Active Learners: Prefer learning by doing (e.g., discussing, applying concepts).
Reflective Learners: Prefer quiet contemplation before taking action.
Sensing Learners: Favour concrete information and practical applications.
Intuitive Learners: Enjoy abstract concepts and exploring connections between ideas.
Visual Learners: Retain more information through visual presentations (e.g., diagrams, videos).
Verbal Learners: Prefer written or spoken information.
Sequential Learners: Solve problems by following logical steps.
Global Learners: Focus on the overall concept and often find innovative solutions.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of management, including types of managers and core management functions. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how effective management drives organizational success and the roles different managers play within a company.

Introduction to Management Principles

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Questions and Answers

What two main dimensions are used to assess in-role performance?

What are organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs)?

Give an example of helping behaviour in the workplace.

What does sportsmanship in the workplace entail?

What behaviours demonstrate organisational loyalty?

What is the importance of organisational compliance?

Describe individual initiative in a work context.

What does civic virtue refer to regarding an employee's participation in an organization?

What are some examples of self-development activities that benefit an organization?

Identify and explain two key elements of group-level performance.

What is process loss in the context of group performance?

How can goal compatibility affect group performance?

Why is incentive alignment important in a group setting?

Explain the importance of matching goals and reward structures in an organization.

Describe the characteristics of active learners.

What challenges might active learners face in traditional lecture settings?

What are the main preferences of reflective learners compared to active learners in a group work setting?

How do sensing learners differ from intuitive learners in their learning preferences?

What types of learning environments do visual learners thrive in?

Why might sensing learners find rote memorization unappealing?

What challenges do sequential learners face regarding the connection of knowledge across subjects?

In what ways do global learners excel in problem-solving?

What factors might demotivate intuitive learners in an educational setting?

How might a reflective learner's approach affect their contribution in group work settings?

What is the primary role of top managers in an organization?

How does the role of a project manager differ from that of a functional manager?

What are the four basic functions of management?

Name the three categories of managerial roles according to Mintzberg.

What is involved in the planning function of management?

Define strategic planning and its importance.

What does controlling in management aim to achieve?

Explain the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

What is the purpose of environmental scanning in the planning process?

Distinguish between in-role performance and extra-role performance.

What is the significance of the triple bottom line in business performance assessment?

How do leaders influence action within a team?

What role does organizational design play in the organizing function?

Describe the importance of the vision and mission in the planning function.

Which type of learner is likely to excel in hands-on work such as laboratory experiments?

Intuitive learners prefer rote memorization and established methods.

What do visual learners excel in for retaining information?

Reflective learners prefer to contemplate information quietly before taking ______.

Match the following learner types with their preferences:

Which type of learner tends to struggle with connecting different aspects of a subject?

Active learners prefer working alone rather than in group settings.

What can demotivate intuitive learners in an educational environment?

What is an example of an activity related to self-development?

Process losses in group performance can occur due to effective communication.

What should individual goals do in relation to group goals?

Active learners prefer to learn through _____, such as discussing or applying concepts.

Match the following elements of group performance with their correct descriptions:

Which of the following best describes 'Helping Behaviour' within organisational citizenship behaviours?

Which of the following would not promote teamwork in an organization?

Sportsmanship involves a negative approach to challenges and inconveniences.

Reflective learners prefer active engagement over passive learning experiences.

Identify a factor that could lead to process losses in group performance.

What is organisational compliance?

___________ refers to responsible participation in the organization's affairs, such as attending meetings and staying informed.

Which of the following is an example of 'Organisational Loyalty'?

Individual initiative consists of showing a lack of proactiveness in work tasks.

Match the following behaviours to their definitions:

List two dimensions used to assess in-role performance.

Which type of manager is responsible for the overall strategy and vision of an organization?

Operational planning is focused on long-term goals.

What is the primary focus of strategic management?

The ________ role involves gathering and distributing information within the organization.

Match the managerial roles with their descriptions:

Which management function involves ensuring performance meets established standards?

Corporate Social Responsibility focuses only on financial performance.

Define the term 'virtuous cycle' in relation to organizations.

________ planning involves analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to efficiently compete.

Which of the following is NOT one of Mintzberg's managerial roles?

Job design involves decisions about the structure of an organization.

What is the main purpose of the planning process in management?

In-role performance consists of tasks outlined in an individual's ________ job description.

Match the types of planning with their descriptions: