Questions and Answers
Structuralists see language by its ______.
structure
According to structuralists, language is primarily ______.
vocal
Transformationalists believe that language is ______ to humans.
innate
For transformationalists, language rules are ______.
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Functionalists emphasize language’s role in ______ social interaction.
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Interactionists believe that language is vital for establishing interpersonal ______.
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The views of functionalists are more focused on ______ than structure.
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Interactionist principles are derived from the theories of Vygotsky and ______.
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Language is considered ______ because the meanings must be agreed upon by its speakers.
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Language is ______ because of the many potential meanings it can convey.
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To communicate successfully, we need to follow ______ that help make sense of the symbols we use.
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Semantic rules help us identify the ______ of a word by providing context clues.
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Syntactic rules govern the structure and ______ of language.
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Using appropriate ______ depending on situations is an aspect of pragmatic rules.
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Grammar plays a significant role in ______, demonstrating how punctuation can alter meaning.
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When addressing authority figures, one should use ______ language instead of casual language.
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The ______ function comprises all the grammatical systems needed to create relevance to context.
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The ______ function is used when a child expresses what they want.
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The ______ function refers to the use of language to control and regulate behavior.
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Sociolinguistics analyzes the many ways in which ______ and language intertwine.
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The ______ function is about the world of people working together and creating social relationships.
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Halliday emphasized language as constructed by ______, rather than acquired.
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The ______ branch of linguistics studies language in relation to other disciplines.
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The ______ function is used to convey information based on emotions and personal attitudes.
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Psycholinguistics combines psychology and ______ to understand human language.
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Neuro______ studies how language is represented in the brain.
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Computational linguistics examines natural language from a ______ perspective.
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______ linguistics studies the variations of language across different geographic areas.
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Cognitive linguistics studies the relationship between language, the ______, and sociocultural experiences.
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Descriptive ______ focuses on analyzing how a language is used by speakers at a given time.
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Historical linguistics studies how language ______ over time.
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Comparative linguistics is a branch that compares different ______ to understand their changes.
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Micro is the study of language, including how it sounds (phonetics and ______), how it is put together (morphology and syntax), how it means (semantics), and in context (pragmatics).
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Phonetics is broken down into articulatory, acoustic, and ______ aspects.
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Morphology deals with how words are made and how small parts that mean something are called ______.
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Semantics is the study of what words ______.
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Pragmatics concentrates on actual meaning in ______ rather than individual word meaning.
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The Natural Order Hypothesis claims that there is a natural order by which all learners acquire ______.
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The Monitor Hypothesis states that our acquired competence is responsible for our language production, while learned competence functions as a ______.
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Phonology looks at the rules for how sounds are divided into ______ in each language.
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Study Notes
VIEWS OF LANGUAGE
- Structuralists: Focus on language's structure; understand language as a self-contained system defined by relationships.
- Transformationalists: Propose that language is innate and universal; transformation of structures retains meaning.
- Functionalists: Emphasize the purpose of language in conveying meaning and facilitating social interaction.
- Interactionists: View language as a tool for interpersonal relations and social transactions, influenced by socio-cultural theories.
THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE
- Symbolic Nature: Language is arbitrary (words correspond to meanings), ambiguous (context determines meanings), and abstract.
- Rule-Governed: Shared meanings rely on semantic (word meaning), syntactic (structure and arrangement), and pragmatic (contextual use) rules.
- Semantic Rules: Help identify meanings of words through context, e.g., the multiple meanings of "run."
- Syntactic Rules: Governs phrase structure; punctuation significantly changes meaning (e.g., “Let’s eat grandma” vs. “Let’s eat, grandma”).
- Pragmatic Rules: Involve context-appropriate language usage, such as formal language in professional settings.
HALLIDAY’S MICRO-FUNCTIONS
- Instrumental Function: Language used to express needs and desires, facilitating task completion.
- Regulatory Function: Language influences and regulates behavior and actions of others.
- Interactional Function: Focuses on developing relationships and easing social interactions.
- Personal Function: Used for sharing emotions and personal information.
BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
- Macro Linguistics: Examines broader aspects of language relationships with other disciplines.
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Inter-disciplinary Areas:
- Sociolinguistics: Studies intertwining of language and social interactions.
- Psycholinguistics: Explores psychology's impact on language acquisition and use.
- Neurolinguistics: Investigates brain representation of language and processes during acquisition.
- Computational Linguistics: Combines language modeling with computer science principles.
- Stylistics: Analyzes style and tone in spoken and written language.
- Geography Linguistics: Studied dialects and language variations across locations.
- Cognitive Linguistics: Explores relationships among language, mind, and culture.
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Intra-disciplinary Areas:
- Theoretical Linguistics: Focus on established linguistics theories.
- Descriptive Linguistics: Describes language usage within specific speaker groups.
- Applied Linguistics: Examines language structure's effect on communication and learning.
- Historical Linguistics: Studies language evolution over time.
- Comparative Linguistics: Compares languages to analyze their historical changes.
MICRO LINGUISTICS
- Phonetics: Studies language sounds, divided into articulatory, acoustic, and auditory branches.
- Phonology: Investigates sound combinations and language-specific rules.
- Morphology: Analyzes word formation and structure of morphemes.
- Semantics: Explores meaning through word associations in sentences.
- Pragmatics: Focuses on meaning in context rather than isolated words.
LINGUISTIC THEORIES AND MODELS
- Natural Order Hypothesis: Krashen theorizes a predictable order in language acquisition, not influenced by the complexity of grammar.
- Monitor Hypothesis: Differentiates between acquired competence for language use and learned competence for self-correction.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of linguistics, focusing on the views of language, particularly from a structuralist perspective. Understand the systems of language and their interrelationships to enhance your understanding of how language functions as a self-contained system.
