Introduction to Leukocytes: Phagocytes and Immunocytes
136 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of leukocyte arrives at the site of inflammation after neutrophils and does not die in the process?

  • T lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Monocytes (correct)
  • Basophils

    • What are the primary granules present in myelocytes and metamyelocytes responsible for?

  • Containing myeloperoxidase
  • Destroying tumor cells
  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes (correct)
  • Phagocytizing foreign bodies

    • What is the main function of T lymphocytes?

  • Mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • Destroy tumor cells
  • Provide cellular immunity (correct)
  • Modulate allergic responses

    • Which leukocyte type produces antibodies needed for humoral immunity?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of basophils in the immune system?

    <p>Mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type destroys tumor cells and cells infected with viruses?

    <p>NK lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type modulates the allergic response caused by basophil degranulation?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of nucleated cells in the bone marrow do neutrophilic myelocytes make up?

    <p>13%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type represents 80% of lymphocytes in the blood?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of promyelocytes in the bone marrow?

    <p>Phagocytizing foreign bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the N:C ratio of the band neutrophil?

    <p>1:2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of nucleated cells in the bone marrow does the band neutrophil make up?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color are the specific/secondary granules in the cytoplasm of the band neutrophil?

    <p>Pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the nucleus of a segmented neutrophil typically have?

    <p>3-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to infection or growth factor, which type of granules stain in the cytoplasm of a segmented neutrophil?

    <p>Nonspecific/primary granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) do band neutrophils make up?

    <p>25-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the nucleus in a band neutrophil?

    <p>&quot;C&quot; or &quot;S&quot;-shaped with coarse, clumped chromatin lacking segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical characteristics of the cytoplasm in a segmented neutrophil?

    <p>&quot;Pink and filled with small, pale blue to pink specific/secondary granules&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of granules are present but usually don't stain in a segmented neutrophil unless in response to infection or growth factor?

    <p>&quot;Nonspecific/primary granules&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does N:C ratio stand for in the context of band and segmented neutrophils?

    <p>&quot;Nucleus: Cytoplasm ratio&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage range of nucleated cells in the bone marrow that segmented neutrophils make up?

    <p>15-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of both band and segmented neutrophils?

    <p>10-15 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of eosinophils?

    <p>12-16 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type makes up less than 1% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do basophil granules contain?

    <p>Histamine and heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neutrophils mature in the bone marrow?

    <p>From blasts to segmented form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes necrosis in cells?

    <p>External forces such as lethal chemicals and physical events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of myelocytes in the bone marrow?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eosinophils from other leukocytes based on their morphology?

    <p>Bright red-orange granules containing enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the presence of immature leukocytes and immature (nucleated) erythrocytes in the blood?

    <p>Leukoerythroblastic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with a decrease in the absolute number of eosinophils?

    <p>Eosinopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an increase in the absolute number of basophils?

    <p>Basophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by a congenital enzymatic defect of NADPH oxidase in granulocytes and monocytes?

    <p>Chronic granulomatous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a tendency in neutrophils to have 1 or 2 lobes in their nucleus?

    <p>Hyposegmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rare autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by abnormal intracellular protein transport?

    <p>Chediak-Higashi syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by 5 or more lobes in the neutrophil nucleus and is associated with megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Hypersegmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the rapid and free exchange of neutrophils between the circulating granulocyte pool and marginating granulocyte pool?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granules, when stained in the cytoplasm of segmented neutrophils, indicates persistent staining and is responsible for toxic granulation?

    <p>Primary granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Doehle bodies, small oval inclusions located in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, contain?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates the regenerative shift to the left from the degenerative shift to the left in neutrophils?

    <p>Bone marrow response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type expresses Fc receptors for IgE and modulates the allergic response caused by basophil degranulation?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor initiates the classic signs of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (Type I) through histamine release?

    <p>Fc receptors for IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition causes a short-term increase in the total WBC count and in the absolute number of neutrophils without an actual change in the total blood granulocyte pool or toxic changes to neutrophils?

    <p>Physiologic neutrophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abnormality is characterized by a nucleus that is usually round instead of the dumbbell shape normally seen?

    <p>Pseudo Pelger-Huet anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anomaly is associated with large, crystalline, Dohle-like inclusions in the neutrophil cytoplasm?

    <p>May-Hegglin anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anomaly is characterized by large azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm due to an enzyme defect?

    <p>Alder-Reilly anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granules are typically present in the cytoplasm of neutrophils with toxic granulation?

    <p>Primary granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anomaly is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait?

    <p>May-Hegglin anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abnormality is frequently accompanied by hypogranulation?

    <p>Pseudo Pelger-Huet anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte may have large, crystalline, Dohle-like inclusions on Wright's stain in the presence of a specific anomaly?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be differentiated from the large azurophilic granules seen in Alder-Reilly anomaly?

    <p>Toxic granulation present in neutrophils only during infectious conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cell line can large azurophilic granules appear due to an enzyme defect in Alder-Reilly anomaly?

    <p>Neutrophils only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about monocytes is NOT true?

    <p>They kill the ingested material during the phagocytic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with an increase in the absolute number of monocytes?

    <p>Autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common lipid storage disorder with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern?

    <p>Gaucher disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of spleen macrophages?

    <p>Remove old/damaged RBCs and conserve iron for recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is characterized by large azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm due to an enzyme defect?

    <p>Alder-Reilly anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a decrease in the absolute number of monocytes?

    <p>Chronic bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bone marrow macrophages?

    <p>Ingest abnormal RBCs and store and supply iron for hemoglobin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about prolymphocytes?

    <p>They have a N:C ratio of 3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes reactive lymphocytes from lymphoblasts?

    <p>Fine chromatin and nucleoli present in reactive lymphocytes but not in lymphoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme defect in Alder-Reilly anomaly?

    <p>Defect in acid phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type represents the transitional cell that migrates into the tissue and becomes a fixed or free macrophage?

    <p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are named according to their location in the body?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monocyte precursor has a round/oval eccentric nucleus with fine chromatin and no cytoplasmic granules?

    <p>Monoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells contain lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes including peroxidase and acid phosphatase?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic nucleus shape of a macrophage?

    <p>&quot;Horseshoe&quot; or &quot;kidney-bean&quot; shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are derived from the myeloid progenitor cell, CFU-GM, and are acted on by growth factors and interleukins to form monocytes?

    <p>&quot;Peripheral blood monocytes&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are characterized by blue-gray cytoplasm, fine azurophilic granules, and may have pseudopods and vacuoles?

    <p>&quot;Monocytes&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Kupffer cells" are primarily found in which organ?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in the body?

    <p>Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane markers are used to identify T lymphocytes (T cells)?

    <p>CD2, CD3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T suppressor cells (T-s, T8)?

    <p>Suppressing activation of B cells by antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic morphology associated with reactivity in B lymphocytes?

    <p>Transformation into plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are natural killer (NK) cells responsible for?

    <p>Destroying tumor cells and cells infected with viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus infects B lymphocytes and is common in the 14-24 age group?

    <p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition has symptoms similar to infectious mononucleosis and is transmitted by blood transfusions and saliva exchange?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with adenovirus and coxsackie A virus?

    <p>Infectious lymphocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the origins of leukemia and lymphoma?

    <p>Leukemia originates in the bone marrow and is initially systemic, while lymphoma originates in lymphoid tissue and is initially localized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT listed as a possible cause for oncogene activation contributing to malignant leukocyte disorders?

    <p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal sample for bone marrow examination?

    <p>Both the aspirate and core biopsy specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome abnormality is diagnostic for acute promyelocytic leukemia?

    <p>t(15;17)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant cell type in chronic leukemias?

    <p>Mature cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing method may be used for bone marrow examination?

    <p>Flow cytometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of acute leukemias in terms of survival without treatment?

    <p>Survival is weeks to months without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification?

    <p>More than 20% bone marrow blasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes small lymphoblasts with homogeneous appearance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by the FAB classification?

    <p>Basophilic cytoplasm with vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the laboratory findings?

    <p>Presence of smudge cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of small lymphocyte lymphoma (SLL) which is the lymphoma phase of CLL?

    <p>Small, hyperclumped lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Burkitt lymphoma from other types of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

    <p>Large and uniform lymphoblasts with prominent nucleoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Doehle bodies, small oval inclusions located in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, associated with?

    <p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in terms of cellularity?

    <p>&gt;70% cellularity in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Hodgkin lymphoma, which cell type is typically found in the lymph node biopsy?

    <p>Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma based on the WHO classification?

    <p>Nodular sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents as a disseminated disease with widespread skin involvement and circulating lymphoma cells?

    <p>Mycosis fungoides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme detected by the cytochemical stain myeloperoxidase (MPO)?

    <p>Peroxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is used to differentiate blasts of acute myelogenous leukemias (AMLs) from acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs)?

    <p>Sudan Black B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neoplasm is classified by WHO as a T/NK cell neoplasm?

    <p>Mycosis fungoides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increased LAP score indicate during active disease?

    <p>Granulocytic series abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition causes skin itching and ulcerative tumors?

    <p>$Mycosis fungoides$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $Non-Hodgkin lymphoma$ is usually seen in patients over which age?

    <p>$50$ years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which malignancy is characterized by lymphocytosis greater than 100 X 10^9/L and the presence of prolymphocytes?

    <p>Prolymphocytic leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is identified on serum protein electrophoresis by an 'M'-spike in the gamma-globulin region?

    <p>Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which malignancy results in dry tap on bone marrow aspiration due to extensive bone marrow involvement?

    <p>Hairy cell leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with marked rouleaux, increased ESR, and a blue background to blood smear?

    <p>Multiple myeloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which malignancy has the characteristic of being tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain positive?

    <p>Hairy cell leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by a monoclonal gammopathy leading to excessive production of IgG or IgA with decreased production of other immunoglobulins?

    <p>Multiple myeloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which malignancy is characterized by the presence of plasma cells and lymphocytes on a blood smear, in addition to other laboratory findings?

    <p>Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is useful in distinguishing acute myeloid leukemias from those that are primarily cells of monocytic origin?

    <p>Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain detects esterase enzyme present in monocytic cells?

    <p>Alpha-naphthyl butyrate stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is useful in the diagnosis of erythroleukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

    <p>Periodic acid-Schiff stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain detects alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in primary granules of neutrophils?

    <p>Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for LAP (Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase) score based on neutrophil grading?

    <p>13-130</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are negative for the Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase stain?

    <p>Granulocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are positive with the Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain?

    <p>Malignant erythroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) stain indicate?

    <p>Dark precipitate due to presence of alkaline phosphatase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the LAP score based on neutrophil grading?

    <p>Assessment of leukemoid reaction intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inability to differentiate chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) from a neutrophilic leukemoid reaction (NLR) cause?

    <p>Misdiagnosis of CML as NLR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of the precipitate observed in a positive Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) stain?

    <p>Dependent on dye used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in terms of cellularity?

    <p>Elevated WBC count and all stages of granulocyte production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by inappropriate erythropoiesis despite decreased erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Polycythemia Vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing factor between Secondary Polycythemia and Relative (Pseudo-) Polycythemia?

    <p>Appropriate response to increased EPO or tissue hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by progressive blood cytopenias despite bone marrow hyperplasia?

    <p>Myelodysplastic Syndromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis in terms of laboratory findings?

    <p>Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis with teardrop cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Essential Thrombocythemia from Reactive Thrombocytosis and Polycythemia Vera?

    <p>Giant forms of platelets and abnormal platelet function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Polycythemia Vera from other forms of polycythemia based on the laboratory findings?

    <p>Increased RBC (&gt;20 g/dL) and hematocrit (&gt;60%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of Essential Thrombocythemia in terms of the affected age group?

    <p>Found mainly in adults 60 years of age and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition's accelerated phase ultimately leads to acute leukemia in most patients?

    <p>Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Myelodysplastic Syndromes from other myeloproliferative neoplasms?

    <p>Progressive blood cytopenias despite bone marrow hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is most likely to be associated with an increased LAP score?

    <p>Polycythemia vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) subtype is characterized by proliferation of unipotential stem cell CFU-GM?

    <p>M2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL)?

    <p>≥80% monoblasts in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane markers are used to identify megakaryoblasts and atypical megakaryocytes in acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMegL)?

    <p>CD41, CD42, and CD61</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing feature of BILINEAGE LEUKEMIAS?

    <p>Contain two cell populations with myeloid and lymphoid antigens expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of JAK2 oncogene in chronic myeloproliferative disorders?

    <p>Implicated in all chronic myeloproliferative disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of TARTRATE-RESISTANT ACID PHOSPHATASE STAIN (TRAP) in hairy cell leukemia?

    <p>Cells are resistant to inhibition with tartrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More Like This

    Leukocyte Activation and Phagocytic Leukocytes Quiz
    10 questions

    Leukocyte Activation and Phagocytic Leukocytes Quiz

    WellBredAphorism avatar
    WellBredAphorism
    Types of Leukocytes Quiz
    18 questions

    Types of Leukocytes Quiz

    KnowledgeableGreekArt avatar
    KnowledgeableGreekArt
    Leukocytes Overview and Classification
    10 questions

    Leukocytes Overview and Classification

    LavishDiopside625 avatar
    LavishDiopside625
    5 Types of Leukocytes and Their Functions
    6 questions

    5 Types of Leukocytes and Their Functions

    FairDaffodil avatar
    FairDaffodil
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser