Introduction to Learning - Examples and Definition
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines learning?

  • A temporary change in behavior due to innate response tendencies
  • A process by which behavior is controlled by natural maturation
  • A change in behavior caused by reflex or drug effects
  • A change in behavior as a result of experience or practice (correct)

    • What is an example of a learned behavior?

  • Natural maturation
  • Turning off the lights when leaving the room (correct)
  • Innate response tendencies
  • Effects of drug on behavior

    • What does the text suggest about the permanence of learning?

  • Learning always results in permanent changes in behavior
  • Learning never leads to permanent changes in behavior
  • Permanent changes due to learning cannot be reversed
  • Permanent changes due to learning are always reversible (correct)

    • What does the text imply about the uniqueness of human learning?

    <p>Learning is not uniquely human and is observed in all living things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, which of the following is not considered an explanation for learning?

    <p>Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the certainty of how people learn?

    <p>We have multiple theories providing different perspectives on how people learn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who believed knowledge was innate?

    <p>Plato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient Greek philosopher believed knowledge was derived from experience?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the 'Tabula Rasa' or 'blank slate' theory?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which English philosopher argued for the 'Tabula Rasa' theory?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who emphasized the study of observable behavior and rejected the notion of internal mental processes?

    <p>John B. Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which figure popularized the behaviorist approach to psychology?

    <p>John B. Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The Law of Similarity', 'The Law of Contiguity', and 'The Law of Frequency' are associated with which perspective on learning?

    <p>'Behaviorist' approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Classical conditioning' and 'Operant conditioning' are ideas developed based on principles of association from which perspective on learning?

    <p>'Behaviorist' approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Locke's 'Tabula Rasa' theory suggest about the mind at birth?

    <p>It is a blank slate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the behaviorist approach to psychology focused on studying?

    <p>Observable behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the laws of association identified by Aristotle used to explain?

    <p>How experiential learning occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Plato believe about the nature of knowledge?

    <p>It is innate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experiment concerning the effects of viewing television violence on aggression in children, what is considered the independent variable?

    <p>The extremely violent movie shown to the children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experiment concerning the effects of time-out on noncompliant behavior, what is considered the dependent variable?

    <p>Noncompliant behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suppose you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. In this case, what is the dependent variable?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, what is considered the independent variable?

    <p>Food deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable known as?

    <p>Causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experiment concerning the effects of viewing a nonviolent movie on aggression in children, what would be considered the dependent variable?

    <p>Aggression in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a predictive relationship between two events, such as stimulus-response?

    <p>Contingency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the closeness or nearness of events in time or space?

    <p>Contiguity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior is subjectively perceived and not publicly observable?

    <p>Covert behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to events that an organism will seek out, mostly pleasant in nature?

    <p>Appetitive stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the appetitiveness of an event through prolonged absence?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for establishing operations that affect the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior measurement concept involves the frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time?

    <p>Rate of response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents an example of a coercive stimulus that an organism will avoid, mostly unpleasant?

    <p>Aversive stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the absence of an event increasing its appetitiveness over time?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a publicly observable response to an influencer of behavior?

    <p>Overt behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for events that an organism will seek out, mostly pleasant in nature?

    <p>Appetitive stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior is internally perceived and not publicly observable?

    <p>Covert behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to measure whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals?

    <p>Interval recording</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the force with which a rat presses a lever to obtain food represent?

    <p>Intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a flat line on a cumulative recorder indicate?

    <p>No or slow responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method involves manipulating variables to observe their effects on behavior?

    <p>Experimental research methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the topography of behavior refer to?

    <p>The physical form of the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design involves implementing a new treatment and comparing it to the baseline?

    <p>Reversal (ABA) design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient Greek philosopher believed knowledge was derived from experience?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does latency refer to in the context of behavior measurement?

    <p>The length of time required for a behavior to begin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Descriptive research methods' are susceptible to which bias?

    <p>'Observer' bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to measure the total number of responses over time?

    <p>Cumulative recorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Descriptive research methods' aim to observe?

    <p>Behavior without manipulating variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Experimental research methods' provide stronger evidence of?

    <p>Cause and effect relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reversal design, it may be ethically inappropriate to remove a treatment once some improvement has been obtained. This is especially observed in the case of

    <p>Eliminating a person’s severe drug addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The multiple-baseline-across-settings design is advantageous when the behavior is intended to change gradually over time and ___________.

    <p>The behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two advantages of using animals in research mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ability to control their genetic makeup and their learning history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design is inappropriate for an experiment in which the treatment produces a permanent change in behavior?

    <p>Reversal design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of the reversal design mentioned in the text?

    <p>Behavior must revert to its original baseline frequency when the treatment is withdrawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an advantage of using animals in research according to the text?

    <p>Strict control over the experimental environment for animals than for humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of design involves applying a treatment at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors?

    <p>Multiple-baseline design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of the multiple-baseline-across-settings design?

    <p>Difficulty in controlling external variables across settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the disadvantages of reversal designs mentioned in the text?

    <p>The behavior does not revert to baseline after treatment withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the changing-criterion design focus on evaluating?

    <p>Gradual changes in behavior over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The text discusses various perspectives on learning from psychologists, philosophers, and other academics.

    • Learning is a process that involves ideas and concepts, as well as behaviors and skills.

    • Two ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, held opposing views on the origins of knowledge. Plato believed knowledge was innate, while Aristotle believed it was derived from experience.

    • Aristotle identified laws of association that explain how our minds connect various events and ideas. These laws include the Law of Similarity, the Law of Contiguity, and the Law of Frequency.

    • The debate between nativist and empiricist perspectives on learning continues to this day, mirroring the views of Plato and Aristotle.

    • John Locke, an English philosopher, argued for the 'Tabula Rasa' or 'blank slate' theory, suggesting that the mind is a blank slate at birth and all knowledge is acquired through experience.

    • The behaviorist approach to psychology, popularized by figures like John B. Watson, emphasized the study of observable behavior and rejected the notion of internal mental processes.

    • Early theories of learning were based on principles of association, leading to the development of ideas like classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

    • Aristotle's laws of association and the behaviorist approach to learning continue to influence modern psychology.

    • Plato believed in the innate nature of knowledge, while Aristotle believed it was derived from experience.

    • Plato's view is referred to as the 'nativist' position, while Aristotle's view is referred to as the 'empiricist' position.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association: the Law of Similarity, the Law of Contiguity, and the Law of Frequency.

    • The Law of Similarity states that we associate events that resemble each other.

    • The Law of Contiguity states that we associate events that occur in close proximity to each other.

    • The Law of Frequency states that the more often two events occur together, the stronger the association.

    • The behaviorist approach to psychology, popularized by figures like John B. Watson, emphasized the study of observable behavior and rejected the notion of internal mental processes.

    • John Locke argued for the 'Tabula Rasa' or 'blank slate' theory, suggesting that the mind is a blank slate at birth and all knowledge is acquired through experience.

    • The debate between nativist and empiricist perspectives on learning continues to influence modern psychology.

    • Early theories of learning were based on principles of association, leading to the development of ideas like classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

    • Plato's views on the origins of knowledge are contrasted with Aristotle's.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The debate between nativist and empiricist perspectives on learning continues to influence modern psychology.

    • John Locke's 'Tabula Rasa' theory suggests that the mind is a blank slate at birth and all knowledge is acquired through experience.

    • The behaviorist approach to psychology, as represented by figures like John B. Watson, emphasizes the study of observable behavior and rejects the notion of internal mental processes.

    • Early theories of learning were based on principles of association, leading to the development of ideas like classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

    • The text discusses the perspectives of various historical figures on learning, including Plato, Aristotle, John Locke, and John B. Watson.

    • Plato believed knowledge was innate, while Aristotle believed it was derived from experience.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The debate between nativist and empiricist perspectives on learning continues to influence modern psychology.

    • John Locke's 'Tabula Rasa' theory suggests that the mind is a blank slate at birth and all knowledge is acquired through experience.

    • The behaviorist approach to psychology emphasizes the study of observable behavior and rejects the notion of internal mental processes.

    • Early theories of learning were based on principles of association, leading to the development of ideas like classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

    • The text provides historical context for the development of various perspectives on learning, including the views of Plato, Aristotle, John Locke, and John B. Watson.

    • The debate between nativist and empiricist perspectives on learning is traced back to the views of Plato and Aristotle.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text discusses the historical context for the development of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text provides a historical overview of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Plato's belief in the innate nature of knowledge is contrasted with Aristotle's belief that knowledge is derived from experience.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text discusses the historical development of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text provides a historical overview of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Plato believed in the innate nature of knowledge, while Aristotle believed in the role of experience.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text discusses the historical context for the development of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text provides a historical overview of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Plato believed in the innate nature of knowledge, while Aristotle believed in the role of experience.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text discusses the historical development of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text provides a historical overview of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Plato believed in the innate nature of knowledge, while Aristotle believed in the role of experience.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text discusses the historical context for the development of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text provides a historical overview of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Plato believed in the innate nature of knowledge, while Aristotle believed in the role of experience.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text discusses the historical development of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text provides a historical overview of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Plato believed in the innate nature of knowledge, while Aristotle believed in the role of experience.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text discusses the historical context for the development of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text provides a historical overview of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Plato believed in the innate nature of knowledge, while Aristotle believed in the role of experience.

    • Aristotle identified three laws of association that describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text discusses the historical development of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Aristotle's laws of association describe how our minds connect various events and ideas.

    • The text provides a historical overview of various perspectives on learning and the ongoing debate between nativist and empiricist positions.

    • Plato believed in the inn

    • The text discusses different methods used to measure and record various aspects of behavior, including duration, intensity, latency, topography, and number of errors.

    • A well-defined behavior has a clear onset and offset. Examples include the number of cigarettes smoked per day, number of words written in an hour, and number of lever presses during a session.

    • Cumulative recorders are used to measure the total number of responses over time. A flat line indicates no or slow responding, a steep line indicates fast responding, and a shallow line indicates moderate responding.

    • Intensity is the force or magnitude of a behavior. More salivation indicates stronger conditioning, while the force with which a rat presses a lever to obtain food is also a measure of intensity.

    • Latency is the length of time required for a behavior to begin. For example, how soon a dog begins salivating after hearing a tone or how quickly a musician begins playing a musical piece.

    • Interval recording is the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals. Not interested in how many responses occurred in each interval, only whether it occurred or not.

    • Topography is the physical form of the behavior. Observing how a rat presses a lever with its left or right paw, or the exact manner in which a person lifts a weight.

    • Number of errors refers to the number of mistakes or wrong turns made before reaching a goal.

    • Descriptive research methods are used to observe behavior without manipulating variables. Naturalistic observations and case studies are examples.

    • Experimental research methods involve manipulating variables to observe their effects on behavior. Control group designs and single-subject designs are examples.

    • Reversal (ABA or ABAB) design involves implementing a new treatment and comparing it to the baseline.

    • Simple-Comparison (AB) design compares behavior in a baseline condition to behavior in a treatment condition.

    • Reversal (ABCAC) design involves multiple treatments and observing the effects of each one.

    • Descriptive research methods are susceptible to researcher bias and cannot determine cause and effect relationships. Results are also limited as they cannot be generalized to other people, places, and times.

    • Experimental research methods are distinguished by the manipulation of variables and can provide stronger evidence of cause and effect relationships. However, they can also be more complex and time-consuming to conduct.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of learning with this quiz covering examples of learned behaviors and the definition of learning as a change in behavior based on experience or practice.

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