Introduction to Journalism

Study Notes

Journalism is the creation and distribution of reports and news about current events.
The term "journalism" applies to citizen journalists using various methods to gather information and literary techniques.
Journalistic media includes print, television, radio, internet, and, historically, newsreels.
Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information.
It's also the product of these activities.
Journalism is distinguished from other activities by its characteristics and practices.
These qualities—what defines journalism—are crucial to democratic societies.
A more democratic society typically has more news and information.

Journalism is a form of communication based on answering fundamental questions (Who? What? How? Where? When? Why?).
Journalism encompasses anything that contributes to gathering, selecting, and processing news and current affairs for various media (press, radio, TV, film, cable, internet, etc).

Journalism is a discipline focused on collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting news related to current events, trends, issues, and people.
Professionals who practice journalism are called journalists.
Denis McQuail defines journalism as "paid writing for public media referencing actual and ongoing public events of relevance."
Journalism at its core is the act of gathering, verifying, and disseminating information to the public.
It plays a vital role in keeping societies informed, holding individuals and institutions accountable, and stimulating dialogue.

Journalism involves specialization in areas like editorial, design, or printing.
Reportage and subediting involve deadlines and adherence to workplace routines while respecting departmental divisions.
Historical journalism relied heavily on skills like typewriting and shorthand.
Modern journalism significantly values computer and DTP (desktop publishing) skills.

Journalism is markedly different from careers like medicine, law, or teaching.
Established professions usually require specialized training, but journalism does not.
Anyone, regardless of educational background or prior experience, can enter the field.
Journalism is considered an "open" profession from its origin.
Journalism lacks a specific body of knowledge defining the field and its relations with its clients (readers, advertisers, advertising agencies, or public relations staff).

Journalism, as a business, aims to generate profit through regular publishing.
News is the primary product, prompting a need to attract advertisers and readers through effective marketing strategies focused on circulation and readership.

Accuracy involves presenting factual, verified information.
Objectivity aims to report news without bias or personal opinion while offering multiple perspectives on issues.
Timeliness is crucial, demanding reporting of current events and information swiftly.
Public interest emphasizes covering topics relevant and important to society.
Accountability holds those in power responsible for their actions through investigative reporting.
Ethics requires adherence to professional standards and ethical guidelines, impacting both the gathering and reporting of information.
Independence ensures editorial autonomy from external influences like advertisers or political entities.
Transparency demands openness regarding sources and methods.
Fairness necessitates balanced coverage and acknowledging various stakeholders' voices.
Clarity involves conveying information clearly, concisely, and understandably to the target audience.

Journalism's key aspects include news, features, commentary, and investigations.
News covers current events, trends, and happenings impacting communities.
Features provide in-depth explorations of topics, often with human interest angles.
Commentary analyzes news events, offering diverse perspectives and opinions.
Investigations uncover truths and expose wrongdoing through research and meticulous reporting.

Reporters conduct research, interview sources, and produce news stories.
Editors validate information, fact-check content, and oversee journalistic quality.
Photojournalists utilize photographs to enhance written narratives.
Broadcast journalists deliver news on radio and television.
Data journalists leverage data analysis and visualization to uncover patterns and inform stories.

Traditional media includes newspapers, magazines, radio, and television.
Digital media encompasses online websites, blogs, podcasts, and social media platforms.
Independent journalism involves freelance journalists or smaller, non-profit news organizations.

Journalism's impact is vital in informing citizens, fostering public discussion, and advocating for democracy.
The digital age brought new opportunities for accessibility and innovation in journalism.
Challenges including misinformation, media consolidation, and economic pressures also exist.