Introduction to Joints
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Questions and Answers

Which type of joint allows for very little or no movement?

  • Hinge joints
  • Cartilaginous joints (correct)
  • Synovial joints
  • Fibrous joints (correct)

    • Articulations can also be referred to as synarthroses.

    False

    What is the primary connective tissue found in fibrous joints?

    dense irregular connective tissue

    The scientific study of joints is known as _______.

    <p>arthrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects cranial bones through thin strips of connective tissue?

    <p>Sutures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of joint with its description:

    <p>Sutures = Connect cranial bones with dense CT Syndesmoses = Connected by interosseous membranes Gomphosis = Cone-shaped joint between teeth and jaw Synchondroses = Connect bones with hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syndesmoses allow for a greater range of movement compared to sutures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ________ is a specialized cone-shaped syndesmosis between a tooth and the mandible or maxilla.

    <p>gomphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage covers the bones in synovial joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synovial fluid only serves to lubricate joints.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the synovial membrane?

    <p>Secretes synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bursae reduce friction between ________ and soft tissue.

    <p>bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of synovial joint to its movement characteristics:

    <p>Hinge joints = Permit uniaxial movement Ball-and-socket joints = Permit multiaxial movement Pivot joints = Permit rotation Saddle joints = Permit biaxial movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bursitis refers to inflammation of cartilage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements are included under angular movements?

    <p>Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with increased flexibility around joints are often referred to as '______-jointed'.

    <p>double</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by gliding movements?

    <p>Plane joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The articular capsule consists of a fibrous layer and a synovial membrane.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of accessory ligaments in synovial joints?

    <p>Provide extra reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ movements are unique to certain joints, such as the temporomandibular joint.

    <p>Special</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type primarily allows for flexion and extension?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint permits the greatest mobility?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is solely a hinge joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glenoid labrum in the shoulder joint?

    <p>Increases surface area of the glenoid cavity in contact with humeral head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The knee joint is a ________ modified ________ joint.

    <p>hinge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each joint with its corresponding classification or description:

    <p>Shoulder joint = Ball-and-socket joint Elbow joint = Hinge joint Knee joint = Modified hinge joint TMJ = Combination hinge and plane joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is NOT permitted in ball-and-socket joints?

    <p>Lateral displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoarthritis is characterized by the progressive loss of synovial fluid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the bones that form the elbow joint.

    <p>Humerus, Ulna, Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement permitted around the shoulder joint includes ________ rotation.

    <p>medial and lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the knee joint to their functions:

    <p>Menisci = Cushion and stabilize the joint Cruciate ligaments = Control anterior and posterior movement Collateral ligaments = Provide side-to-side stability Bursa = Reduce friction in the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the common treatment for sprains?

    <p>PRICE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hip joint is considered less stable than the shoulder joint due to its ligament arrangement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the ligaments in the elbow joint?

    <p>Reinforce the connections between the humerus, radius, and ulna.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sprains involve the ________ of ligaments, while strains involve muscles or tendons.

    <p>stretching or tearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Joints

    • Joints are also known as articulations or arthroses
    • Joints are sites where bones come together
    • Arthrology is the study of joints

    Classification of Joints

    • Joints are classified based on their structure
    • Two key questions to determine structural class:
      • Does the joint have an articular cavity between the articulating bones?
      • What type of connective tissue connects the bones of the joint?

    Fibrous Joints

    • Bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue
    • No articular cavity
    • Generally immobile
    • Three types:
      • Sutures: Connect cranial bones with thin strips of dense irregular connective tissue
        • In adults, sutures become synarthroses, meaning they fuse together
        • Synosis is the early fusion of two bones in the skull
      • Syndesmoses: Thicker and longer strips of dense irregular connective tissue
        • Interosseous ligament/membrane connects bones
        • Gomphosis: Cone-shaped joint between teeth and the mandible or maxilla
      • Interosseous membranes: Made of dense irregular connective tissue
        • Holds diaphyses of adjacent long bones together

    Cartilaginous Joints

    • Bones are joined by cartilage
    • No articular cavity
    • Little or no movement
    • Two subtypes:
      • Synchondroses: Connects bones with hyaline or fibrocartilage cartilage
        • Epiphyseal cartilages, made of hyaline cartilage, allow for bone growth
      • Symphyses: Held by fibrocartilage
        • Bones are still covered in hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces

    Synovial Joints

    • Distinguished by presence of articular cavity between bones
    • Bounded by articular capsule
      • Secretes lubricating fluid
    • Bones covered in articular cartilages
      • Hyaline cartilage, does NOT bind bones
    • Freely moveable
    • Articular capsule surrounds synovial joints
      • Two layers:
        • Fibrous layer (outer): Dense irregular connective tissue, attaches to periosteum, forms ligaments at some joints
        • Synovial membrane (inner): Areolar connective tissue, secretes synovial fluid
          • Viscous, clear or pale yellow
          • Nourishes chondrocytes of articular cartilage
          • Contains oxygen and nutrients
          • Contains immune cells
          • Reduces friction between bones at joints
          • Absorbs shock
    • "Double-jointed" individuals have increased flexibility around the articular capsule and ligaments of joints
      • Increased risk for dislocation
      • Joints are not actually doubled
    • Other components of synovial joints:
      • Accessory ligaments: Provide extra reinforcement for synovial joints
      • Articular discs or menisci: Fibrocartilage padding attached to the inside surface of the fibrous capsule
        • Absorb shock and distribute weight more evenly
    • Bursae reduce friction between moving structures
      • Share a similar structure with articular capsules
      • Found between bones and soft tissue
    • Bursitis is chronic inflammation of bursae
    • Tendon sheaths also reduce friction between structures
      • Tube-shaped bursae
      • Wrap around tendons that experience a lot of friction

    Movements

    • Only synovial joints are freely moveable
    • Four main categories of movement:
      • Gliding: Nearly flat bones slide back-and-forth and side-to-side
        • No change in angle between articulating bones
      • Angular movements: Increase or decrease angles between articulating bones
        • Flexion: Decrease in angle between joined bones
        • Extension: Increase in angle between joined bones
        • Lateral flexion: Decrease in angle between bones in the coronal plane
        • Abduction: Movement of a bone away from a midline
        • Adduction: Movement toward the midline
        • Circumduction: Movement around a joint to move the distal part of a limb in a circle
          • Combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
        • Hyperextension: Extending a joint beyond its normal range of motion
      • Rotation: Turning of a bone along its longitudinal axis
        • May be medial or lateral in the limbs
      • Special movements: Movements unique to specific joints
        • Mandible: Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction
        • Hands and feet: Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation
        • Opposition: Movement of the pollex (thumb) to touch other fingers

    Types of Synovial Joints

    • Six types:
      • Plane joints: Permit gliding, movements are biaxial
        • Intercarpal or -tarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints, vertebrocostal joints
      • Hinge joints: Movement is uniaxial (flexion/extension)
        • Knee joints, elbow joints, ankle joints, interphalangeal joints
      • Pivot joints: Rounded surface of one bone fitted to a ligament + other bone, permits uniaxial movement
        • Atlanto-axial joint (shake your head no), radioulnar joints (supination/pronation)
      • Condyloid joints: Oval-shaped protrusion fits an oval-shaped depression, permits biaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, or circumduction)
        • Radiocarpal joints (wrist)
      • Saddle joints: One bone looks like a saddle and the other looks like a rider, biaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, or circumduction)
        • Carpometacarpal joint between proximal metacarpal of the thumb and trapezium
      • Ball-and-socket joints: Ball-shaped projection fits into a cup-shaped depression, permits triaxial movement (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, rotation)
        • Shoulder and hip joints

    Special Examples of Joints

    • Temporomandibular joint (TMJ):
      • Only freely moveable joint in the skull
      • Combination hinge and plane joints
      • Articulation between the condylar process of the mandible and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
      • Articular components:
        • Articular capsule
        • Multiple ligaments stabilize joint
        • Meniscus subdivides synovial cavity into superior and inferior compartments
          • Superior: Permits slight rotation, lateral displacement, protraction/retraction
          • Inferior: Permits depression/elevation
      • Movements permitted:
        • Depression/elevation
        • Protraction and retraction
        • Lateral displacement (side to side)
        • Some rotation
    • Glenohumeral joint (shoulder):
      • Ball-and-socket joint
      • Thin, loose articular capsule
      • Articular components:
        • Many ligaments reinforce the joint
        • Glenoid labrum: Fibrocartilage lip of the glenoid cavity
          • Increases surface area of glenoid cavity in contact with humeral head
        • Bursae: Four pads to absorb shock and reduce friction
      • Movements:
        • Flexion, extension, hyperextension
        • Abduction, adduction
        • Medial and lateral rotation
        • Circumduction
        • Great ROM but less stable than the coxal joint
    • Elbow joint:
      • Formed by humerus, ulna, and radius
      • Articular components:
        • Articular capsule
        • Collateral ligaments: Accessory ligaments connecting humerus and radius or ulna
        • Annular ligament: Ring-like ligament holding radial head to radial notch of the ulna
        • Bursa at the olecranon
      • Movement:
        • Flexion or extension
    • Coxal or hip joint:
      • Ball-and-socket joint formed by the acetabulum of the coxal bone + head of the femur
      • Very stable joint due to:
        • Number and arrangement of ligaments
        • Specific fit of the femoral head in the acetabulum
      • Articular components:
        • Thick articular capsule
        • Acetabular labrum: Fibrocartilage lip of the acetabulum
        • Accessory ligaments: Numerous and strong
          • Makes hip joint one of the strongest in the body
          • Reinforces articular capsule but limits ROM compared to shoulder joint
      • Movements:
        • Flexion/extension
        • Abduction/adduction
        • Lateral and medial rotation
        • Circumduction
    • Knee joint:
      • Modified hinge joint
      • Three joints sharing one synovial cavity:
        • Lateral joint between femur and tibia
        • Medial joint between femur and tibia
        • Anterior patellofemoral joint (a plane joint)
      • Articular components:
        • No single identifiable articular capsule
        • Collection of muscle tendons serves similar function
        • Cruciate ligaments: Accessory ligaments that cross one another
        • Collateral ligaments: Reinforce connection between femur + tibia, femur + fibula
        • Menisci: One medial, one lateral
        • Bursae: A few, including the infrapatellar bursa
      • Movements:
        • Flexion/extension
        • Some rotation
        • Limited abduction/adduction

    Joint Diseases and Disorders

    • Arthritis:
      • Osteoarthritis: Progressive loss of articular cartilage, resulting in increased friction between bones
    • Sprains and strains:
      • Sprains: Forceful stretching or tearing of ligaments
      • Strains: Partially torn or stretched muscle or tendon
        • Treatment = PRICE (Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation)

    Summary

    • Joints are sites of contact between bones
    • Classified by structure or function
    • Synovial joints are the only freely moveable joints
    • Movements permitted around joints are a consequence of synovial joint structure
    • Joint diseases or disorders may be treated with PRICE or with surgery

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of joints, or articulations, and their classifications. This quiz covers various types of joints, including fibrous joints, and delves into the study of arthrology. Test your knowledge on how joints are structured and their functional characteristics.

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