Introduction to IoT and Its Evolution

IoT Introduction

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
• It is considered the fourth industrial revolution.

IoT Brief History and Evolution

• 1960s - 1970s:

  • J.C.R. Licklider envisioned an interconnected computer network.
  • The launch of ARPANET marked the beginning of the internet.

• 1980s - 1990s:

  • Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP protocols.
  • The first IoT-like experiment was conducted by David Nicolas, where a vending machine was connected to report its inventory.

• 1990s - 2000s:

  • John Romkey connected the first toaster to the internet.
  • Cambridge installed an online webcam to monitor a coffee pot.
  • Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web.

• 2000s - 2010s:

  • Kevin Ashton coined the term "Internet of Things".
  • LG introduced its smart refrigerator, while Google developed self-driving cars.
  • Smart cities like Seoul and Singapore emerged.

• 2010s - 2020s:

  • The number of active device connections increased significantly, reaching 35 billion.
  • IoT is being used in various applications such as smart homes, smart cities, and industrial automation.

Why is IoT Important?

• Benefits of IoT:
  • Automation and control: IoT enables automated processes for greater efficiency.
  • Efficiency and savings: Optimizes operations and reduces resource consumption.
  • Safety and comfort: Improves safety and enhances user convenience.
  • Increased security: Provides enhanced security measures for physical assets.
  • Environmental monitoring: Collects data to monitor and protect the environment.
  • Gathering rich data: Enables data collection for analysis and insights.
  • Reduces human fault: Minimizes human error by automating tasks.

IoT Architecture

• Layers:
  • Devices: Sensors and actuators collecting or controlling physical data.
  • Communication: Networks connecting devices and transmitting data.
  • Platform: Cloud infrastructure managing data storage, processing, and analytics.
  • Application: User-facing interfaces for interacting with IoT data and processes.

Key Components of IoT Platform

• Data Storage: Stores collected data securely and efficiently.
• Data Processing: Analyzes and processes data for actionable insights.
• Data Access and Sharing: Provides mechanisms for accessing and sharing data with authorized users.
• Analytics: Uses sophisticated algorithms to extract meaningful patterns and insights from the data.

IoT in the Real World

• Smart Home:

  • Control Lighting: Automated lighting control based on time, presence, or environmental factors.
  • Power Controls: Smart plugs and switches for remote control and energy monitoring.
  • Energy Monitors: Track energy consumption in the home for cost-saving measures.
  • Security systems: Smart home security systems with cameras, sensors, and remote monitoring capabilities.
  • Entertainment: Streamline entertainment systems with voice control and smart devices.
  • Smart Irrigation: Automated irrigation systems based on weather conditions and soil moisture.
  • Smart Pool: Smart features to control pool filtration, heating, and water levels.

• Smart City & Resort:

  • Irrigation System: Water conservation through efficient irrigation system management.
  • Street Lighting Control: Automated control of street lights for energy savings.
  • Asset management: Tracking and managing assets for optimal utilization.
  • Monitoring Manhole & Bins: Monitoring the condition of city infrastructure for timely repairs and maintenance.
  • Pool Management: Smart systems for pool cleaning, heating, and water quality.
  • Electricity and Water Metering: Smart meters for accurate tracking of consumption and billing.
  • Parking management: Automated parking systems for better utilization and ease of parking.

• Parking Management System:

  • Aims to reduce fuel consumption by helping drivers quickly find available parking spaces.
  • Reduces operational costs, increases revenue, improves time management, and enhances convenience.

• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI):

  • Provides advanced metering technologies for real-time monitoring of energy consumption and other utility services.
  • Offers detailed information for improving efficiency, reducing waste, and managing resources effectively.

Types of sensors

• Passive sensors:

  • Inductance: LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
  • Capacitance: Piezo
  • Resistance: NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient), PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient).

• Active sensors:

  • Communication Interfaces: CAN (Controller Area Network), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic), RS485, RS232, USB, ETHERNET, WIEGAND, 1-WIRE
  • Specific Sensor Types: CPS-30NOC15B Proximity Sensor, GY68 Pressure Sensor, BH1750 LUX Sensor, HC-SR05 Ultrasonic Sensor, CAX60 Encoder, Industrial Soil Moisture Sensor, Humidity and Temperature Sensor, Minivls-313 Laser Speed Sensor, APL Flow Meter, WG215 Flow Sensor, Digital Temperature Sensor (DS18B20), RS485 PM15PS

### Examples of IoT Devices

• Sensors:

  • Proximity Sensor
  • Gas sensor
  • Light Sensor
  • Humidity Sensor
  • Temperature Sensor

• Actuators:

  • Motorized Curtain
  • Barrier (e.g., for gates)
  • Lamp
  • Motor
  • AC (air conditioner)

Communication Protocols

• Short-Range:

  • Zigbee (WPAN - Wireless Personal Area Network)
  • Wi-Fi (WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network)
  • 6LowPAN (Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network)

• Long-Range:

  • LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network)
  • NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things - Cellular)
  • LTE-M (Long Term Evolution for Machines - Cellular)
  • 5G (Cellular)

Platforms and Applications

• Platforms:

  • Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, REST API, Custom protocols.
  • Cloud Storage: Provides space for storing vast amounts of sensor data.

• Applications:

  • Dashboards: Visual representations of data collected from IoT devices.
  • Mobile Applications: User-friendly interfaces for interacting with IoT systems.
  • Data Analysis Tools: Analyze and interpret data to gain insights and make informed decisions.