Innate Immunity
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Questions and Answers

The first line of defense in the immune system is the ______.

intact skin and mucous membranes

Innate immunity is also known as ______ immunity.

natural

Cells that play a key role in innate immunity include neutrophils and ______.

monocytes/macrophages

The complement system is a part of the ______ immune response.

<p>innate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural killer cells are a component of ______ immunity.

<p>innate</p> Signup and view all the answers

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes are associated with ______ immunity.

<p>acquired</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ response is characterized by memory cells after exposure to an antigen.

<p>adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial cells are part of the ______ line of defense in the immune system.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three major effects of complement include lysis, chemoattraction, and ______.

<p>opsonisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toll-like receptors recognize ______, which are conserved sequences associated with pathogens.

<p>PAMPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytes like neutrophils and ______ are vital in the innate immune response.

<p>macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines are a diverse group of small proteins that act at ______ concentration.

<p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines have a role in cell movement, which is reflected in their name derived from ______ and kinos.

<p>cyto</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classic, lectin, and ______ pathways are the three major pathways of complement activation.

<p>alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toll-like receptors are present on leukocytes and ______ lining cells.

<p>mucosal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complement proteins often exist as pro-enzymes or ______.

<p>zymogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Important cytokines include Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) which are ______ inducing.

<p>pro-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is known for its ______ properties and increasing macrophage bacteriocidal activity.

<p>anti-viral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemokines are classified into two large families: ____ and CC.

<p>CXC</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemokines are also referred to as ______ cytokines.

<p>chemotactic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages are known as the body's sentinels and ______.

<p>scavengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils have a ______ half-life and are present in blood.

<p>short</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytosis is often described as ______ eating.

<p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inflammation, increased capillary ______ leads to localized swelling.

<p>permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

In response to infection, resident macrophages initiate ______ by clearing pathogens.

<p>phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils use mechanisms that are ______ related to kill pathogens.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemokines provide signals for ______ of immune cells to the site of infection.

<p>migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages can originate from ______ recruited to tissues.

<p>monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of ______ involves programmed cell death of neutrophils aiding immune clearance.

<p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maturation of phagosomes leads to the formation of a ______, where pathogens are degraded.

<p>phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation can cause tissue ______ due to increased blood flow and immune cell infiltration.

<p>oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and ______.

<p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

During phagocytosis, the pathogen binds to a phagocytic ______.

<p>receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute inflammation typically involves both ______ and monocytes that migrate to the infection site.

<p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity is considered to be a ______ line of defense in the immune system.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells involved in innate immunity include ______ and macrophages.

<p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary role of ______ cells is to kill infected host cells.

<p>Natural Killer</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three major effects of complement activation include lysis, chemoattraction, and ______.

<p>opsonisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial cells serve as a barrier in the ______ line of defense.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ system operates as part of innate immunity, enhancing the ability to clear pathogens.

<p>complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toll-like receptors recognize ______, which are crucial for identifying pathogens.

<p>PAMPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity is characterized by its ______ response to pathogens.

<p>non-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines act at low concentrations, typically in the ______ range.

<p>pg-ng-µg</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classic, lectin, and ______ pathways are the three major routes for activating the complement system.

<p>alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines are critical for communication between ______ in the immune response.

<p>immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages develop from ______ that migrate to tissues.

<p>monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytes like neutrophils and ______ play a critical role in innate immunity.

<p>macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation can lead to increased capillary ______, resulting in localized swelling.

<p>permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Important cytokines include Interleukin-10 (IL-10), which is __________.

<p>anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemokines are classified based on their first two __________.

<p>cysteines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils have a short half-life and are known for their high __________.

<p>turnover</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ response is crucial for clearing bacterial infections.

<p>inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytosis involves the internalization of pathogens and their sealing within a __________.

<p>phagosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inflammation, local tissue __________ occurs, leading to increased blood supply.

<p>vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils express __________, which are involved in recognizing pathogens.

<p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is primarily known for its __________ properties.

<p>anti-viral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages are derived from circulating __________ that migrate into tissues.

<p>monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagosome maturation involves sequential fusion with various __________.

<p>endosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophil apoptosis stimulates clearance by __________.

<p>macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

The receptors involved in chemokine signaling are typically __________ coupled.

<p>G-protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system is activated rapidly in response to pathogen detection.

<p>innate immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an immune response, granulocytes such as __________ are among the first responders.

<p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the complement system?

<p>To recruit immune cells to sites of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway of complement activation involves antibody-antigen complexes?

<p>Classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are cytokines, and how do they operate?

<p>Polypeptides that require binding to receptors on target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a major effect of complement activation?

<p>Antigen production</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Toll-like receptors function in the immune system?

<p>By recognizing conserved sequences associated with pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the primary characteristic of innate immunity?

<p>Rapid and nonspecific response to a wide variety of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cell is known for phagocytosis?

<p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemokines play in the immune response?

<p>They provide signals for immune cell movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is NOT part of the innate immune response?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a component of the innate immunity's defense mechanisms?

<p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in the immune system?

<p>Cytokines act as chemical signals between immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the complement system is correct?

<p>Complement proteins help enhance the clearance of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is characterized by which of the following symptoms?

<p>Localized swelling and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the roles of natural killer cells is true?

<p>Natural killer cells are involved in recognizing and killing infected host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of phagocytosis?

<p>Engulfment and degradation of pathogens by phagocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Interleukin-10 (IL-10)?

<p>To provide anti-inflammatory effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor do most chemokines interact with?

<p>G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes apoptotic neutrophils from those that undergo necrosis?

<p>Apoptotic neutrophils stimulate clearance by macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of neutrophils' killing mechanisms?

<p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which phagocytes internalize pathogens?

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of chemokines?

<p>Most chemokines interact with multiple receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in innate immunity?

<p>They serve as long-lived phagocytes clearing debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased capillary permeability during inflammation?

<p>Localized edema and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemokine receptor family does CXCR1 belong to?

<p>CXC family</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the phagolysosome in phagocytosis?

<p>To degrade engulfed pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for neutrophils to undergo apoptosis?

<p>It prevents excessive inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interactions do chemokines and their receptors primarily facilitate?

<p>Cell migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during phagosome maturation?

<p>Hydrolytic activity decreases initially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of rolling adhesion of leukocytes during inflammation?

<p>Selectins binding to leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the classical pathway of complement activation?

<p>Initiated by antigen-antibody complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of complement protein C5a?

<p>Acts as a chemoattractant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about toll-like receptors is true?

<p>They can form homo- or hetero-dimers to recognize PAMPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of cytokines?

<p>They are redundant and have diverse effects on cell behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the alternative pathway of complement activation, which factor co-factors with C3(H2O)?

<p>Bb</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the characteristics of chemokines?

<p>They guide the migration of immune cells to infection sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway of complement activation involves the recognition of microbial saccharides?

<p>Lectin pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neutrophils play in innate immunity?

<p>They are the primary phagocytes that eliminate pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the nature of innate immunity?

<p>It serves as the first line of defense against all types of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system?

<p>To detect conserved sequences associated with pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about neutrophils?

<p>They play a key role in innate immunity and have a short half-life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for the process of phagocytosis in the innate immune response?

<p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system is primarily involved in the destruction of infected host cells?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the complement system within innate immunity?

<p>To enhance phagocytosis and recruit immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathways is NOT a major pathway for complement activation?

<p>Monocyte pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is primarily known for its anti-inflammatory properties?

<p>Interleukin-10 (IL-10)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is primarily involved in chemokine interactions?

<p>G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which macrophages kill pathogens?

<p>Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary phagocytes in the bloodstream are known as _____.

<p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms as a result of the maturation of phagosomes?

<p>Phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes apoptosis in neutrophils?

<p>It promotes clearance by macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chemokines within the immune system?

<p>Mediating cell movement to infection sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils utilize which kind of killing mechanism?

<p>Oxygen-related killing mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the early stages of acute inflammation?

<p>Rapid recruitment of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a phagocytic receptor?

<p>A receptor that aids in the binding of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)?

<p>Increasing macrophage bacteriocidal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neutrophils when they undergo apoptosis?

<p>Their membrane remains intact while being cleared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the inflammatory response, which of the following changes occurs in blood vessels?

<p>Increased vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of cytokines?

<p>They have a fixed structural conformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of epithelial cells in the immune system?

<p>Forming a physical barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major effect of the complement system?

<p>Lysis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway of complement activation is triggered by antigen-antibody complexes?

<p>Classic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is characterized by a rapid and non-specific response to pathogens?

<p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neutrophils play in the immune response?

<p>Engulfing and destroying pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Toll-like receptors play in the immune system?

<p>They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines primarily serve what function in the immune response?

<p>Chemical signals that mediate cell communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key component of innate immunity?

<p>B-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a major pathway of complement activation?

<p>Cytokine pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of the complement system in innate immunity?

<p>Enhancing pathogen clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is known for its role in cell movement?

<p>Chemokine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about innate immunity is true?

<p>It acts as the first line of defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells recognize conserved sequences associated with pathogens?

<p>Toll-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins do Toll-like receptors recognize?

<p>Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes the complement proteins in the complement system?

<p>They can exist in a pro-enzyme state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which neutrophils eliminate pathogens?

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the immune response?

<p>Anti-inflammatory cytokine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily used by neutrophils for killing pathogens?

<p>Oxygen-related mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the four subfamilies of chemokines?

<p>The presence of cysteine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?

<p>To act as resident phagocytes and clear pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of neutrophil apoptosis?

<p>Stimulates clearance by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature characterizes chemokine receptors?

<p>They are G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes takes place during phagocytosis?

<p>Internalization and sealing of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do chemokines facilitate the movement of immune cells during infection?

<p>By providing a chemotactic signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the phagolysosome?

<p>Degrading pathogens using hydrolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the concept of acute inflammation?

<p>Rapid and short-term response to injury or infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inflammation, what triggers rolling of leukocytes on the endothelium?

<p>Chemokines and selectins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical response of macrophages after clearing pathogens?

<p>They return to a resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are responsible for the rapid recognition of pathogens?

<p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased capillary permeability during inflammation?

<p>Increased immune cell migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Innate Immunity Introduction

  • Innate immunity is a first line of defense in the immune system
  • It's a fast and non-specific response to pathogens
  • It involves physical, chemical barriers, and cellular components

Learning Objectives

  • Understanding innate immunity
  • Identifying cells associated with innate immunity
  • Understanding mediators associated with innate immunity
  • Differentiating innate from adaptive immunity

Immune System Organisation

  • The immune system is divided into 3 lines of defense
  • First line: intact skin and mucous membranes
  • Second line: innate immunity
  • Third line: adaptive immunity
  • Innate immunity is non-specific, while adaptive immunity is highly specific

Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

  • Innate:
    • Response time: minutes to hours
    • Specificity: limited and fixed
    • Response to repeat infection: same each time
    • Major components: barriers, phagocytes, pattern recognition molecules
  • Adaptive:
    • Response time: days
    • Specificity: highly diverse and adaptable
    • Response to repeat infection: more rapid and effective
    • Major components: T and B lymphocytes, antigen-specific receptors, antibodies

Cells and Components

  • Neutrophils: These are a type of white blood cell vital for the immune response. They are classified as granulocytes due to the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, which contain enzymes and antimicrobial substances. Neutrophils are primarily responsible for ingesting and destroying pathogens, particularly bacteria and fungi, through a process known as phagocytosis. They are the most abundant type of white blood cells, making up approximately 50-70% of total leukocyte counts in most healthy adults. Their lifespan is relatively brief, typically lasting only a few hours to a couple of days, but they are produced rapidly in the bone marrow in response to infection or inflammation. Their multi-lobed nucleus allows for flexibility and mobility, enabling them to navigate through tissues and reach sites of infection quickly. Additionally, neutrophils release signaling molecules that help coordinate other components of the immune response.: blood phagocytes, short lifespan, multi-lobed nucleus, key in phagocytosis.

  • Macrophages: sentinels and scavengers, long-lived, consume bacteria and dead cells, derived from monocytes.

  • Complement: group of ~20 serum proteins. Involved in lysis, chemoattraction, and opsonization. Acts as a "helper"

  • Has 3 major pathways.

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs): recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), trigger downstream effects, like cell activation and cytokine secretion

  • Cytokines: diverse group of small proteins, regulate cell function, act at low concentrations, have redundant effects, involved in growth, differentiation, and activation.

  • Chemokines: chemotactic cytokines, involved in attracting immune cells to sites of infection, several functions (adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, respiratory bursts). Multiple mechanisms.

  • Phagocytosis: Process of engulfing and destroying pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, or cellular debris by immune cells, particularly phagocytes like macrophages and neutrophils. This essential biological mechanism is known as phagocytosis, which plays a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and defending against infections.

    • This critical process involves the engulfment and subsequent destruction of pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, as well as cellular debris, by specialized immune cells known as phagocytes. Among these, macrophages are particularly prominent due to their role in both innate and adaptive immunity. The phagocytosis process begins when a phagocyte recognizes and binds to the target pathogen, often facilitated by opsonization, where antibodies or complement proteins coat the pathogen, enhancing recognition. Following this, the phagocyte extends its membrane around the pathogen, ultimately enclosing it within a vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with lysosomes, organelles that contain digestive enzymes, resulting in the formation of a phagolysosome, where the pathogen is broken down and neutralized. The remnants can then be either presented on the surface of the phagocyte to inform and activate other immune cells or expelled from the cell altogether. This mechanism is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, fighting infections, and initiating the inflammatory response.

  • Inflammation: reaction to injury/infection, localized vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, emigration of leukocytes

    • Include adhesion, where the phagocyte firmly attaches to the pathogen; activation, which triggers internal signaling pathways; transmigration, involving movement through blood vessels toward the infection site; and resolution, where inflammatory responses are terminated, promoting healing.

  • The complement system is a vital component of the innate immune response, consisting of a series of proteins that circulate in the blood and tissues. These proteins play a critical role in enhancing the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. The complement system can be activated by various means, including the binding of antibodies to pathogens, recognition of certain foreign substances, or through patterns traditionally associated with pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

    Once activated, the complement proteins undergo a cascade of proteolytic cleavage, leading to their conversion into active forms that can perform various functions. These functions include opsonization, which marks pathogens for destruction by phagocytes; the formation of membrane attack complexes that can directly lyse pathogens; and the recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of infection, promoting a robust immune response.

    Overall, the proper functioning of the complement system is essential for effective immune surveillance and response, helping to protect the body against infections while also maintaining a balance to avoid damage to host tissues.

    • Classic pathway: This activation route of the complement system is initiated when antibodies, particularly IgM or IgG, bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens, leading to a cascade of events that enhances immune response.
    • Alternate pathway: One of the key mechanisms by which the complement system can be activated in response to a broad range of pathogens. Unlike the classical pathway, which requires the presence of antibodies, the alternate pathway can be initiated directly by certain pathogens or changes in the environment, such as the presence of foreign surfaces or polysaccharides. This pathway plays a critical role in the innate immune response, facilitating the rapid elimination of microbes and the enhancement of phagocytosis by marking pathogens for destruction. Additionally, it is referred to as a non-specific or natural pathway since it operates independently of the adaptive immune system and provides a crucial first line of defense against infections. The proteins involved in the alternate pathway undergo continuous activation and regulation to prevent damage to host tissues while efficiently targeting and eliminating pathogens.
    • Lectin pathway: Another mechanism of complement activation that is primarily triggered by the binding of specific carbohydrate-binding proteins, known as lectins, to carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens. This pathway functions independently of antibodies and is activated upon recognition of particular sugar patterns found on the surfaces of microorganisms, such as certain fungi and bacteria. Once activated, the lectin pathway initiates a series of enzymatic reactions that lead to the opsonization of pathogens, enhancing their phagocytosis by immune cells, and contributes to the overall immune response by forming a membrane attack complex that can lyse pathogens directly. This pathway plays a critical role in the innate immune response, offering a rapid defense against infections and ensuring the body can effectively recognize and eliminate a wide range of pathogens.

Summary: Innate Immunity

  • Mechanisms for immune response are innate, built-in
  • The response aims to prevent injury and eliminate pathogens
  • DNA encoded proteins identify common pathogen features
  • Immune cells rapidly recognize, engulf and destroy pathogens.

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Immunology Lecture 2 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of innate immunity, highlighting its role as the first line of defense in the immune system. Examine various components, including physical barriers and the cellular response associated with this non-specific immunity. Distinguish between innate and adaptive immunity to deepen your understanding of immune system organization.

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