Introduction to Information Technology

Introduction to Information Technology (IT)

• IT involves using computer systems or devices to access information
• IT is vital to business operations, workforce, and personal information access

What is a Computer?

• A computer is a programmable electronic device for retrieving, storing, and processing data
• "Computare", a Latin word, means "to calculate", and is the origin of the word computer
• Computers consist of hardware (processor, memory, keyboard etc) and software (OS, applications, games etc)
• Data is unorganized figures and facts lacking context or patterns
• Information is structured, meaningful and processed data
• Computers convert data into information

Functions of a Computer System

• Input: transfer of information into a computer
• Typical input devices: Mouse, microphone, keyboard, camera, and scanner
• Input allows: Data entry, giving commands, and selecting options
• Processing: input is acquired and programmed instructions are carried out by the CPU
• Output: allows processed data to be sent to output devices for user interaction
• The output function involves: Printers, speakers, and monitors
• Storage: the ability to save data for later use
• Two forms of storage: temporary and permanent

Temporary vs Permanent Storage

• Temporary storage components temporarily store data
• Shutting down the system would result in temporary storage data loss
• Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary storage
• Running software and corresponding data is stored by RAM
• Permanent storage components indefinitely store data
• Shutting down the system would not cause permanent storage data loss
• The most common permanent storage component is the hard disk
• USB drives, CD/DVDs, and external drives are permanent storage components

Characteristics of Computers

• Speed: executing mathematical calculations is faster and more accurate than a human
• Diligence: can work non-stop for hours without tiring
• Accuracy: a low chance of error when performing computations/operations
• Reliability: consistent output results unless the input changes
• Versatility: ability to perform different tasks with the same accuracy and efficiency
• Memory: capacity to store millions of records that can be accessed with complete precision
• Memory is measured in: Bytes, Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), and Terabytes (TB)
• Automation: automatic task completion after the instructions are programmed using AI

Explaining the Modern Computer

• Electronic device that is able to store, retrieve, and process data based on given instructions
• It can be applied to automation, computing and data storage
• Helpful for all tasks such as: creating documents, printing, sending emails, and editing tasks

Process of Computers Generating Data

• Computers convert raw data into meaningful information
• Input, processing, output, and storage are four phases of the computing process

4 Computing Phases

• Input: data is entered into the computer, using input devices via commands from an operator
• Input examples: Mouse, keyboard, touchscreen monitors, cameras
• Processing: the computer begins to process data after input, the central processing unit (CPU) carries out instructions
• The CPU is the brain of the computer
• Output: the final step involves outputting processed data
• Forms of output: Audio devices, videos, printers, and screens
• Storage: Information kept on the computer or other storage devices
• Storage allows data to be saved for later use
• There are two storage types: RAM and Hard drives

(Random Access Memory) RAM

• RAM is computer memory used for temporary storage of data
• Keeps data open while the computer is running

HARD DRIVES

• Used for permanent/long-term storage
• Retains data after use, even when a computer or device has been switched off

Elements of a Computer System

• What makes up a computer program
• Refers to the physical aspects of a computer system
• Hardware is tangible and able to be touched
• Hardware is mechanical or electronic instruments that exist in four types that perform a specific function

Four Types of Hardware

• Input Hardware: Allows users to input data (keyboard, mouse, scanner etc)
• Output Hardware: Translates and displays the data processing (printer, Monitor Screen etc)
• Processing and Memory Hardware: Where the data and information are processed and manipulated to perform specific functions
• Secondary Storage Hardware: Stores computer system data permanently (Harddisk, Pendrive etc)

Computer Software

• A set of programmes (computer instructions), helps the user to do specific tasks

People

• People are the end users of the computer system

Procedures

• The coded instructions enabling computer task/calculation/software performance

Data

• Raw facts or figures input in the computer

Connectivity

• When computers are linked to a network, information is shared
• A network can be established via LAN cables, Wi-Fi, BlueTooth, satellites

Definition of Computing

• Computing involves any kind of work done by a computer, including tasks like image editing, opening applications, or playing a song

First Generation Computer (1940-1956)

• Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory
• Writing programs was difficult and the size of computers was large
• Machine languages were used to perform operations. Solved problems one at a time
• Punched cards and paper tapes used for inputs
• Printouts used to display the output
• Limitations included low programming capability, slow operating speed, large space requirements, and high power consumption

Second Generation Computer (1957-1963)

• Assembly and programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were employed
• Transistors, replaced vacuum tubes, which made computers smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient
• Computers advanced to assembly languages from binary and stored instructions in their memory Concept assembly: Programming language, input and output unit, memory, central processing unit were developed
• Programming languages FORTRAN and COBOL: developed during this period
• Still relied on punch cards for printouts and input

Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)

• Used Integrated Circuits (ICs), popularly known as Chips
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors which increased speed and efficiency
• Users interacted using monitors and keyboards, interfaced with an operating system (OS)
• Computers became more accessible: smaller and cheaper compared to the second-generation computers

Fourth Generation Computer (1975)

• Uses Large Scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC), on microprocessors
• Made small powerful computers that can be linked to form networks and the internet
• Development of Handheld devices and Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

Fifth Generation (1980-Present)

• Utilizes parallel processing and superconductors, and has been utilized since 1980
• Defines the future and present computer world
• Employs ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology
• Employs artificial intelligence (AI)
• Runs on most sophisticated computers- Laptops, Desktops, IBM, Pentium
• Runs with these programming languages: C, C++, Java, .Net

Computer-based Database vs Paper-based Database

• Computer-based database: Stored, organized, and managed using computer software
• Paper-based database: Uses tangible documents like folders, files, and paper records

Applications of Computers in Business and Industry

• Essential tool for business
• Product creation, accounting, marketing and administration are computer aided functions

Examples of Computer Usage

• Industries and business use computers for communications, to facilitate more efficiently and effective operations
• Research aided through complex analysis and ability to access large quantities of information
• Customer relationship management (CRM), tracking sales records, is aided by sales and marketing computers
• Data Management and Storage: easier for businesses to securely store large volumes of data and manage them efficiently
• Product Development: enhanced every stage of product development

Computers in Education

• Refers to the use of computer system and technology with the intention of supporting and improving learning and teaching
• Accessing, managing, and sharing resources with efficient and interactive experiences are aided by computer systems

Computer Uses in Education

• Access to Information: Access vast amounts of information online is available for students and teachers
• Interactive Learning: Educational tools and software such as multimedia presentations, games, and simulations make learning engaging
• Distance Learning: Internet and computers allow education to occur outside the classroom limitations
• Skill Development: Learning to use computers equips students with essential IT and digital skills
• Student Assessment: Conducting exams, quizzes, and other assignments

Benefits of Computers in Education

• Provides personalized learning paths
• Promotes collaborative learning
• Increases student engagement with interactive tools
• Makes education available to remote learners

Challenges of Computers in Education

• Limited access to underprivileged regions
• Distraction from non-educational content
• High costs of maintenance and devices

Computers in the Medical Field

• Essential across almost every area of medicine
• Healthcare is effective and accessible with the use of technology within medicine

Computer Uses in the Medical Field:

• Medical Imaging: More accurate and faster diagnoses with ultrasounds, CT scans, MRIs, and X-rays Robotic Surgery: Faster recovery, smaller scars, and minimally invasive procedures

Telemedicine

• Remote consultations, benefiting rural areas and those patients with mobility issues

Efficiency via Streamlining

• Easy access (EHRs): Patient information and better care coordination with less errors
• Hospital Information Systems
• Efficiently manage hospital tasks, appointments, and billings
• Tailoring treatments by using genetic information (Personalized Medicine)

Training the Modern Generation Through Knowledge

• Data analysis and understanding diseases via large datasets (Advancing Knowledge)
• Training medical professionals with effective safe simulations (Medical Simulations)

Examples of Computer Utilization in Varied Fields

• Aid in Medical Research, simulation, and data analysis
• Streamlining healthcare using electronic records
• Enhance medical imaging through MRI and CT scans

Education

• Access to education increased via virtual learning
• Access educational resouces and textbooks by digital means
• Feedback and grading aided by automated grading

Finance and Banking

• Online banking aided by secure online banking
• Trade execution and market analysis using automated trading
• Financial analysis, planning, and risk by computer aided financial modeling

Environmental Science

• Study climate models to predict future changes through climate modeling
• Analyzing environmental datasets

Computers in Art and Design

• Create/edit visuals with graphic design
• Easen digital art creation
• Aid video editing/post-production/visual effects

Computer Uses in Entertainment, Sports, and Leisure:

• Allow people to stream music, movies, and TV
• Allow users to experiment with different structures and strategies via video games
• Create animated movies/special effects
• Revitalize the music industry by minimizing production costs
• Edit and create digital art/photos

Sporting Context

• Analyze and record athletic data
• Display advanced scoreboards

Using Simulations

• Enhance the viewing of televised sports

Use for Leisure:

• Social media platforms aid social connections

Role of Computers in Entertainment

• Stream complex workflows
• Enable creative possibilities

Computer assistance in Sports

• Enhancing fan experience
• Providing real-time analytics
• Tracking performance in athletics and data analysis

Computer Power in Leisure

• Connect people online
• Provide gaming and virtual locations

Computer Roles in Theater Design, Music, Lighting, and Dance:

• CAD software facilitates theater design, optimizing acoustics, with AutoCAD used to prepare blueprints
• Stage lighting control, syncing effects with performances (grandMA lighting systems facilitate precise adjustment)

Music Production Integration

• Aid to refine and compose music

Motion capture and Choreography

• Enhance dance performances
• DanceForms software aids in visualizing routines

Impact on and Flaws of Computers for Efficiency

• Disrupting workflows/data loss due to hardware failures
• Causing crashes/incorrect outputs due to software bugs/errors
• Causing downtimes/financial losses with hacking/malware/viruses
• Reduced efficiency because of the dependence on computers when these require updates or fail

Threats to Online Environments

• Privacy compromised with electronic surveillance
• Common practices: Video, audio, photography recordings
• Financial harm by identity theft

Malware Types

• Trojan horse: Malware spread by websites, attachments, and direct messages
• Spyware: Malware that collects/sells user data
• Direct action virus: Modifies and Infects files
• Polymorphic virus: Changes its program footprint by use of code for polymorphic programs
• Ransomware: Victim data held until ransom is paid

Software Giving Access to Devices

• Remote access for actors of threats is provided by rootkits
• Worm that attacks servers which are unpatched is an SQL slammer
• Code Red: Displays 'Hacked by Chinese!' on infected websites

Computer Hardware (Physical Components)

• System Unit: contains motherboard, ROM, CPU and RAM memory
• System Clock: Sends consistent electrical pulses
• System Bus: Electrical roadway for data transmission
• Memory chip, for storage
• Secondary storage: Hard disk
• Input/output devices: Translation of data
• Communication devices: Modems and network cards

Motherboard Central Components

• Motherboard contains CPU (the brain), and ROM/RAM memory chips

System Clock

• Delivers pulses at regular intervals, faster sending means faster computer

Bus Lines

• Data highways that transmit bits between CPU and other components

Primary and Secondary Storage

• RAM, volatile primary storage is faster than secondary
• Used while data is processed
• ROM ships, with instructions for booting up computer
• CMOS chips: Flexible information
• Cache memory: faster processing from frequently used instructions/data

Sockets

• Expansion slots receive additional expansion cards
• Ports: Located on the system unit exterior

Secondary Storage Devices

• Permanently store information, programs, and data
• Portable floppy disks
• Large amounts of data on Hard disks
• Reliable backups via magnetic tape
• Optical technology in optical discs

Input and Output Devices

• Input Devices: Translate data in forms computers can understand
• Output Devices: Produce outputs that humans can understand

Communication Devices

• Enable computers to transmit and share data
• Such as network cards and modems
• Enable Local Networks (LAN) Internet (WAN) and Service Providers

History of Computer Hardware

• From the 1940’s thru 1950’s it
• -Large and slow Used vacuum tubes; and devoured electricity
• • Primarily for military and scientific use. (ex- UNIVAC, ENIAC)
• In 1950's thru 1960’s:
• -Transistors used to make computers faster and electricity efficient - -Assembly more applied to businesses and research. (ex- UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401 )
• In 1960's thru 1970's:
• -ICs reduced sizes and increased power
• -Multi programming applied for high language levels
• -Became commonplace in companies and universities. (ex- PDP-8, IBM System/360)
• From 1970’s to Present: Used microprocessors, and directed personal computers.
• -GUI: (graphical user interface), as well as the internet, smartphones, laptops (IBM PC , Apple Macintosh, Intel 4004)
• In Present & Future:
• • Al, quantum computing Machine learning
• • Voice - Assist that gets smarter: (ex- Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant)

Input Devices (Examples)

• Keyboard, creates personalized inputs
• Mouse, cursor movement allows interaction
• Scanner, physical items turn into digital images
• Webcam, transmits lives audio via USB cable on computer
• Microphone, capturing/translating audio

Output Devices (Examples)

• Monitor, visual information aided by display
• Printer, generates physical copies of data
• Speakers, produce audio outputs
• Headphones, wireless/wired audio devices

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Executes instructions as the computer "brain"
• The Motherboard: internal components are bound

Computer Hardware (Input)

• Used for inputting data into the computer
• Keyboard
• Touch pad
• Mouse
• Microphone
• Barcode readers
• Scanner

Computer Hardware (Output)

• Send output from computer
• Monitor
• Brail reader
• Headphone
• Speaker
• Projector
• Printer
• Plotter

Types of Computer Memory

• There are three memory types in a computer
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary

Primary Memory

• It known as main or internal memory
• Typically holds inputs and other source results with a smaller size
• RAM is section that that the CPU holds with instructions
• Only and Random Memory
• Primary storage are examples for both memory types

Secondary Memory

• Maintained externally
• SSD, thumb drives, CDs, DVDs
• Used for Long-term and permanent storage (Pen,flash drives)

Tertiary Memory

• Not generally a primary memory source for computers
• Works without intervention
• Very rarely used in personal computer

Communication Hardware

• Classification, Types and Uses

Ethernet vs Fiber Optic Cables

• Establishable network via these cables

Network Interface Card (NIC)

• Computer connects network through Ethernet

Modem Device

• Analog sends to digital signals

Functions in the Network

• Enables internet access for multiple devices for router and directing data for connection on multiple devices through switches

Connectionless Devices Devices

• Bluetooth Adapter
• Mobile to internet through cellular modem
• Access Point (AP) adapter
• -- Enable LAN connections for multiple devices

Data Processing

• Access points, NICs ensure data transfer

Connection

• Connecting with Wi-fi
• Bluetooth without cable is wireless

Hardware is essential

• To establish network connections
• Enable wireless to transmit data as well as remote communication
• Critical and Collaboration on networking and modern computing is vital

What is Software

• Sets of instruction or programs used to operate/complete specified task
• Resides on external memory , on magnetic drive

A Turing

• First theory developer on software

Kilburn

• Runs for the first time software

Mid 1980s

• Computer's popular, releases AutoCad, Microsoft and excel
• Foundation that ensures works properly and runs for the computer

Categories of Software

• For designed used to designed, apps
• Software to do activity or activities in to any other device or computer

###System Software

• Helps completes task for users such creating, presentations organizing information
• Organize Data store on computers
• Helps user interreact

###Device Drivers

• Allows operating systems too communicate with connections to other other applications