Introduction to Information Security - Security Protocols
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary challenge mentioned in the design of secure communication protocols?

  • Difficulty in integrating basic primitives (correct)
  • Over-reliance on encryption methods
  • Complexity in network configurations
  • Insufficient data transmission speed

Which of the following is NOT a basic cryptographic primitive?

  • Diffie-Hellman
  • Public key infrastructure (correct)
  • Block/stream cipher
  • Hash functions

What is the purpose of key exchange in network security?

  • To encrypt data packets for transmission
  • To establish a trusted communication channel (correct)
  • To monitor network performance
  • To synchronize clocks between systems

What does the term 'nonce' refer to in secure communication protocols?

<p>A single-use number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should always be assumed when deploying a secure communication protocol?

<p>An attacker is present on the network. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a higher-level security property derived from basic cryptographic primitives?

<p>Entity authentication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue can arise from the interaction between basic cryptographic primitives?

<p>Design errors that compromise security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended timing mechanism to prevent replay attacks in secure communication protocols?

<p>Timestamps and nonces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of specifying how long a key is valid for?

<p>To define the duration of secret keeping between parties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to explicitly mention the principal's name in a message?

<p>To avoid any potential impersonation issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Forward Secrecy' refer to in the context of key negotiation?

<p>Keys that are not tied to any particular session (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential issue with the key exchange protocol presented?

<p>The principal's identity is not adequately confirmed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge exists after receiving Message 3 in the Denning-Sacco protocol?

<p>One party can impersonate the other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attack involves a malicious user attempting to guess a password by trying many combinations?

<p>Dictionary attack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes that every message should clearly express its intended meaning?

<p>Principle 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation {X}K represent in cryptographic protocols?

<p>Message X encrypted with key K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions can a malicious user, referred to as M, perform?

<p>Initiate multiple parallel protocol sessions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the authentication server denoted by S in the context of cryptographic protocols?

<p>To authenticate principals A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attack is characterized by a malicious user replaying previously sent messages?

<p>Replay attack (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nonce' refer to in cryptographic protocols?

<p>A random number used only once (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements correctly describes the relationship between symmetric keys K and its inverse K-1?

<p>K equals K-1 in symmetric encryption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with Message 3 in the Denning-Sacco protocol?

<p>B can impersonate A after receiving it. (C), It does not include the intended recipients' identities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does including the principals' names in the signed message improve security in the protocol?

<p>It prevents B from impersonating A. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the improved design, what does Message 3 consist of?

<p>C A , C B , {A, B, K ab, T a} K a -1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence arises if B impersonates A after receiving Message 3?

<p>C will believe they are communicating with A. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What validation step does C perform for Message 3’?

<p>Checking if B is one of the principals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Ta refer to in the context of the protocol?

<p>The timestamp attached to the message. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the server S in the Denning-Sacco protocol?

<p>To facilitate the key exchange between A and B. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which message does B send to the server in the second run of the protocol?

<p>B → S : B, C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the initial message sent from A to S?

<p>To initiate the key exchange process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do CA and CB represent in Message 2?

<p>The certificates associated with entities A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Message 3, what is encrypted under A's private key Ka-1?

<p>The session key Kab and timestamp Ta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant vulnerability identified in Message 3?

<p>B can impersonate entity A after receiving the message (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Message 1' from B to S include?

<p>The identities of B and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Message 3', what is the significance of encrypting under C's public key Kc?

<p>It ensures only C can read the message. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the certificates CA and CB in the context of secure communication?

<p>To verify the identities and authenticity of A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What solution is proposed to address the vulnerability in the protocol?

<p>Explicitly including the names of the involved principals in messages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cryptographic Protocols

Rules and procedures for secure communication using cryptography.

Basic Cryptographic Primitives

Fundamental building blocks for creating cryptographic protocols (e.g., ciphers, keys, hashes).

Entity Authentication

Process of proving identity to another entity in a communication.

Key Exchange

Establishing a shared secret key between entities for secure communication.

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Timeliness Proofs

Verifying messages were sent and received at the correct time.

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Nonces

Unique, one-time values used to prevent replay attacks.

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Timestamps

Records of when a message was sent or received.

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Attacker Assumption

Designing security protocols assuming an attacker will try to break them.

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Forward Secrecy

A protocol where a new encryption key is generated for each session, rather than reusing the same key. This helps protect past communications if a current key is compromised.

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Key Exchange

The process of securely exchanging encryption keys, often critical for secure communications.

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Kab Validity

The duration for which the encryption key 'Kab' is valid. A key's validity period is crucial to its security.

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Principal Identity

When a message's meaning relies on the identity of the sender or recipient, the identity should be clearly stated.

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Message Action Conditions

Rules and criteria for a message to be processed, which are essential in secure communications design.

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Eavesdropping (Network Attack)

The act of secretly listening to or monitoring communications between two or more parties without their knowledge or consent.

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Replay Attack (Network Attack)

An attack that involves capturing previously sent messages and retransmitting them later to create a fraudulent activity.

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Injection of Fabricated Messages (Network Attack)

Intentionally introducing false or misleading data or instructions into a system to trick or damage it.

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Message Modification (Network Attack)

Altering network messages' contents to deceive or manipulate the intended recipient.

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Multiple Parallel Sessions (Network Attack)

Establishing simultaneous communication channels to overwhelm or disrupt a system.

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Dictionary Attack (Password Attack)

Trying out common or predictable words or phrases to guess a password.

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Exhaustive Nonce Attack (Password Attack)

Trying out all possible nonces (random numbers) to bypass a system's security.

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Principle 1 (Cryptographic Protocol)

Messages' meaning should be clearly defined and directly reflected in the content itself.

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Denning-Sacco Protocol

A key exchange protocol using asymmetric cryptography to establish secure communication between two parties.

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Message 1

Initial message in the protocol, where A (sender) and B (intended recipient) are communicated to S (server).

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Message 2

Server's response to Message 1, containing certificates (CA, CB) for A and B respectively.

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Message 3 (Initial)

A sends key and time information to B, encrypted by A's private key.

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Impersonation Vulnerability

A major flaw in the initial protocol design, allowing party B to impersonate A.

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Solution (Improved Design)

To prevent impersonation, the principals' names (A,B), key (Kab), and validity timer (Ta) are included in the signed message.

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Message 3 (Improved)

Message sent after the initial protocol run to ensure that the message is intended for the stated parties.

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Impersonation Rejection

Receiver rejecting messages not between intended parties.

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Message 1 (A→S)

Entity A sends a message to authentication server S, including identities of A and B.

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Message 2 (S→A)

Authentication server S responds to A with certificates CA, CB.

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Message 3 (A→B)

A sends a message to B, including certificates and encrypted key (Kab).

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Certificates (CA, CB)

Documents verifying the identities of A and B.

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Encrypted Session Key (Kab)

Shared secret key for secure communication, encrypted.

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Key Exchange Vulnerability

Entity B can impersonate A after receiving encrypted message.

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Timestamp (Ta)

A time-stamp for secure communication.

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Solution

Explicitly includes names of parties involved in signed messages.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: Introduction to Information Security
  • Unit: Network Security
  • Lecture: 14 - Security Protocols

Agenda

  • Outline of cryptographic protocol engineering principles
    • Naming
    • Encryption
    • Timeliness
  • Objectives
    • Understand the challenges of secure communication protocol design
    • Review the Prudent Engineering Practice for Cryptographic Protocols

Security Protocols

  • Cryptography is a powerful tool, but susceptible to design flaws
  • Combining basic cryptographic primitives (e.g., cryptography, network communication) can introduce complexities
  • Individual primitives may function as expected, but interactions can lead to problems

Building Blocks

  • Basic cryptographic primitives
    • Block/stream ciphers
    • Symmetric/asymmetric keys
    • Diffie-Hellman
    • Hash functions, MAC
  • Higher-level security properties are derived from these primitives
    • Entity Authentication (proving identity)

Key Exchange

  • Establishing a trusted session between entities (principals)
  • Used to establish a secure communication channel ensuring secrecy and authenticity
  • Trusted entities are crucial

Timeliness Proofs

  • Nonces and timestamps are vital for timeliness
  • Nonce (e.g., counter, random number) is used only once
  • Timestamps can be nonces, but nonces don't have to be timestamps

Assumptions and Attacker Capabilities

  • Attackers are assumed to be on the network
  • Attacker capabilities
    • Eavesdropping on communication sessions
    • Replay of messages
    • Injecting fabricated messages
    • Manipulating principal messages
    • Initiating multiple concurrent sessions
    • Performing dictionary attacks on passwords
    • Performing attacks on non-random nonce values

Notation

  • Principals: A, B, etc. (Mallory: malicious user)
  • Authentication server: S
  • Timestamps: T (selected by A or B)
  • Nonce: N (selected by A)
  • Keys: K and its inverse K⁻¹
    • For symmetric keys, K = K⁻¹
    • Shared key (Kab) known to both A and B
    • Public key (Ka) and private Key (Ka⁻¹)
    • Certificate (CB) containing public key (Kb)

Principles

  • Principle 1: Every message should explicitly state its meaning and content; a clear interpretation.
  • Principle 2: Specify the conditions for message processing to ensure design acceptability; clarify factors like secrecy duration and key re-negotiation.
  • Principle 3: The identity of principals in a message must be explicit to prevent impersonation.
    • Example: Denning-Sacco protocol (1982) and key exchange methods

Protocol Examples

  • Initial protocol runs (Message 1: A → S: A, B; Message 2: S → A: CA, CB; Message 3: A → B: CA, CB, ….) and implications.
  • Second run (Message 1' B → S: B, C;…) and implications.

Solutions

  • Incorporating principal names in messages.
  • Explicitly naming recipients in the encrypted message to strengthen security and prevent impersonation

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Related Documents

Introduction To Information Security 18-631 Lecture 14 PDF

Description

Dive into the essentials of cryptographic protocols in this quiz on network security. Understand the challenges in designing secure communication methods and the importance of cryptographic primitives. Test your knowledge on key concepts such as encryption, key exchange, and entity authentication.

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