Introduction to Immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is a main characteristic of innate immunity?

  • It develops weeks after pathogen exposure.
  • It is non-specific and immediate. (correct)
  • It enhances the adaptive immune response.
  • It provides memory for future infections.

Which of the following is NOT a component of innate defense?

  • Natural killer (NK) cells
  • Complement system
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells (correct)

What type of immunity is enhanced by the presence of PAMPs?

  • Adaptive immunity
  • Passive immunity
  • Innate immunity (correct)
  • Humoral immunity

What is the role of cytokines in innate immunity?

<p>To act as protein messengers between cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

<p>Ability to recognize specific pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are dendritic cells categorized as?

<p>Phagocytic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the complement system function in innate immunity?

<p>As a series of proteins that work together to control infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of adaptive immune component?

<p>Antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of humoral immunity?

<p>Targeting bacterial invaders through antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily associated with adaptive immunity?

<p>T and B cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

<p>Adaptive immunity demonstrates significant memory of pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the immune response primarily functions to protect the body from self-antigens?

<p>Tolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity typically takes days to weeks to become effective?

<p>Adaptive immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the effectiveness of adaptive immunity change with exposure to pathogens?

<p>It improves with exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the evolutionary history of innate immunity?

<p>It is an ancient and fundamental aspect of immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells does cell-mediated immunity involve to eliminate viral infections?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily targeted by Helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>Cell-associated invaders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of antibodies?

<p>Neutralize toxins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do MHC molecules primarily do in the context of adaptive immunity?

<p>Present antigens to T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?

<p>Process and present antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypersensitivity reaction is associated with autoimmune diseases?

<p>Type III hypersensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?

<p>Production of antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the final grade is attributed to noncumulative examinations?

<p>80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of immunodeficiency disorders?

<p>Reduced ability to fight infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism do pathogens commonly use to evade the immune response?

<p>Rapid mutation of surface antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the course in immunology?

<p>Current concepts in basic and clinical immunology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is known for the development of the term 'vaccination'?

<p>Edward Jenner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a primary pathogen?

<p>Always causes disease upon invasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is characterized by immediate responses and includes mechanisms like inflammation and phagocytosis?

<p>Innate immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant outcome of Pasteur's fowl cholera experiment?

<p>It proved that vaccination could protect against future infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair correctly represents the two main arms of the adaptive immune response?

<p>Cell-mediated and humoral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by the immune system’s ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens after initial exposure?

<p>Memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathogen is defined as only causing disease when administered in high doses?

<p>Opportunistic pathogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms are classified as commensals?

<p>Microorganisms that colonize but do not normally cause disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major component of the adaptive immune system?

<p>Commensal bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is characterized by multiple biochemical mechanisms working together?

<p>Innate immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines cytokines in the context of immune response?

<p>Signaling molecules that mediate immune responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically covered in an introductory course on immunology?

<p>Surgical techniques in immunology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith contribute to vaccine development?

<p>They demonstrated that dead organisms could be effective vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of the innate immune system?

<p>It provides a first line of defense against infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?

<p>Kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics pertains to innate immunity?

<p>Works independently of adaptive immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is primarily involved in the production of antibodies?

<p>Humoral immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are considered antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

<p>Dendritic cells and macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

<p>Alpha Beta (αβ) T cells and Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Adaptive immunity develops specific responses to pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'immunologic memory' in adaptive immunity?

<p>The capacity to respond faster upon re-exposure to the same antigen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the adaptive immune system not found in the innate immune system?

<p>Ability to retain information about previous infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Innate Immunity

The first line of defense against pathogens, providing immediate and non-specific protection.

Adaptive Immunity

Immune system components that specifically target and remember pathogens, providing long-term protection.

PAMPs (Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns)

Molecular patterns on pathogens recognized by innate immune cells to trigger a response.

DAMPs (Damage-associated Molecular Patterns)

Molecular patterns released by damaged cells, signaling the immune system to initiate a response.

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Physical and Chemical Barriers

Physical and chemical barriers, like skin, mucus membranes, and stomach acid, that prevent pathogen entry.

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Phagocytic Cells

Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, acting as the body's garbage collectors.

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Sentinel Cells

Cells that reside in tissues, detecting pathogens and initiating an immune response.

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Complement System

A cascade of proteins in blood plasma that amplifies the immune response, targeting and destroying pathogens.

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Vaccination

A process whereby weakened or inactivated disease-causing agents are introduced to the body to stimulate the immune system and provide resistance against future infections.

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Commensals

Microorganisms that live on body surfaces without causing disease.

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Pathogen

An organism capable of causing disease.

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Primary pathogen

A pathogen capable of causing disease in all individuals, even in small numbers.

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Opportunistic pathogen

Microorganisms that cause disease only under certain conditions, such as weakened immunity or high doses.

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Immune System

A complex network of biochemical and cellular reactions that work together to defend the body against invading pathogens.

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Veterinary Immunology

A branch of biology that investigates the immune system in animals, particularly focusing on the body's defense mechanisms against infections and diseases.

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Antigen

A foreign substance recognized by the immune system, often triggering an immune response. Examples include bacterial toxins, viruses, and allergens.

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Antibody

Special proteins produced by immune cells that specifically bind to antigens, marking them for destruction.

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Cytokines

Small signaling molecules produced by immune cells that regulate immune responses and communication. They act like messengers to coordinate different immune cells.

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Immunological Memory

The ability of the adaptive immune system to remember past encounters with pathogens, allowing for a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure.

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Immune Tolerance

The ability of the immune system to tolerate self-antigens, preventing it from attacking the body's own cells.

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What are natural killer (NK) cells?

A type of lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system. NK cells are responsible for killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

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What are the defining characteristics of innate immunity?

This type of immunity is a rapid defense mechanism, working immediately upon infection. It is efficient, often stopping infections in their tracks, but it lacks the ability to remember specific pathogens.

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What are the defining characteristics of adaptive immunity?

This type of immunity involves the creation of specific antibodies by B cells and the activation of T cells, which can target specific pathogens. It is a slower process than innate immunity, but it builds immunological memory.

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What is humoral immunity?

A type of immunity that relies on the production of antibodies by B cells. Antibodies can neutralize pathogens directly, or they can mark them for destruction by other immune cells.

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What is cell-mediated immunity (CMI)?

A type of immunity that relies on the activation of T cells. T cells can directly kill infected cells or they can help other immune cells to fight infection.

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What are T-helper cells?

This type of T cell is involved in the regulation of immune responses. They are essential for activating other immune cells.

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What are cytotoxic T cells?

These T cells are responsible for killing infected cells. They recognize and destroy cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria.

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What is antigen recognition?

The ability of the immune system to recognize and specifically target foreign molecules called antigens. This allows the immune system to mount targeted immune responses.

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Dendritic Cells (DCs)

Specialized cells that act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems. They capture and process antigens, presenting them to T cells and initiating an adaptive immune response.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Molecules found on the surface of cells that display a variety of antigens. These molecules are central to the recognition of self vs. non-self and play a crucial role in adaptive immunity.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells that are the key players in adaptive immune responses, responsible for recognizing and attacking specific targets.

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Helper T Cells

A type of T cell that helps to activate other immune cells, such as B cells and cytotoxic T cells, to effectively target specific pathogens.

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B cells

White blood cells that produce antibodies, which are essential for targeting and neutralizing pathogens.

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Antigen Recognition

The immune system's ability to recognize and respond to specific antigens. This recognition is crucial for mounting an appropriate immune response.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

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Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement

A complex mechanism that generates a vast array of antibody receptors, allowing the immune system to recognize a wide range of antigens. It involves gene rearrangements and diversity-generating mechanisms.

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Humoral Immunity

Part of adaptive immunity that uses antibodies to neutralize pathogens. Think of antibodies as tiny missiles that target and destroy bacteria.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

Part of adaptive immunity that uses specialized cells (T cells) to destroy infected cells. Think of these cells as assassins that kill virus-infected cells.

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Immune System Memory

The ability of the immune system to improve its response upon repeated exposure to the same pathogen. This is a key feature of adaptive immunity.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Immunology

  • The immune system defends animals against microbial invasion, crucial for life.
  • Multiple mechanisms (innate and adaptive) are essential.
  • Major defense mechanisms work together as interconnected networks.
  • Adaptive immunity has two types: humoral and cell-mediated.
  • Humoral immunity targets bacterial invaders, involving antibodies circulating in body fluids (especially blood).
  • Antibodies bind to bacteria, marking them for destruction.
  • Cell-mediated immunity regulates innate and adaptive immune responses via cytokines, and involves cells (like cytotoxic T cells) destroying abnormal cells (e.g., those infected by viruses).
  • Adaptive immunity can "remember" prior exposure to foreign invaders, allowing a faster and more effective response upon subsequent encounters.

Learning Objectives

  • Describe innate and adaptive immunity, noting their differences.
  • List major components of innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Describe the two main arms of the adaptive response.
  • Define antigen, antibody, and cytokines.
  • Explain memory and tolerance in adaptive immunity.

Lecture Outline

  • Introduction to the course
  • History of Immunology
  • Microbial invasion
  • Overview of innate and adaptive immunity

Course Description

  • The course covers current concepts in basic and clinical immunology.
  • It emphasizes protective immunity against infectious diseases and aberrant immune responses in disease.

Course Goals

  • The goal is to give students an understanding of basic veterinary immunology mechanisms.
  • Equip students with tools to keep up with developments in the field.
  • Enable students to solve clinical immunological problems throughout their careers.

Immunology Exams

  • Exam dates are provided.
  • Grades based on four non-cumulative exams (80%), a final exam (10%), and a writing assignment (10%).
  • Check Canvas for updates.

Importance of the Immune System

  • Sufficient immunity prevents infections. A deficiency can lead to increased susceptibility(e.g., AIDS).
  • Vaccines strengthen immune defenses, shielding against certain infections.
  • Immune responses are involved in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Immune responses cause allergies, autoimmune diseases, and other inflammatory conditions.
  • Tissue grafts and gene therapy encounters immune responses as barriers.

History of Veterinary Immunology

  • Smallpox variolation in the 12th century
  • Rinderpest inoculations in 1754
  • Edward Jenner's cowpox work (1798), coining "vaccination."
  • 1879 Pasteur's fowl cholera experiment, leading to anthrax and rabies vaccines.
  • Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith: role of dead organisms in vaccines.
  • Von Behring and Kitasato's recognition of bacterial products' protective effects.

Microbial Invasion

  • Microorganisms frequently colonize body surfaces.
  • Commensals colonize but don't cause disease.
  • Pathogens cause disease.
  • Primary pathogens trigger disease even in small amounts.
  • Opportunistic pathogens cause illness only under specific conditions (high doses).

Body's Defenses

  • Multifaceted and interconnected biochemical/cellular processes are part of the immune defense.
  • No single mechanism or pathway comprises the entire response.
  • Multiple mechanisms ensure microbial destruction.

Innate and Adaptive Defenses

  • Innate immunity is the first line of defense (rapid).
  • Adaptive immunity supplements this (takes days to weeks).
  • Innate immunity is triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
  • Adaptive immunity involves antigen capture and processing, T and B cell activation, and immunological memory.

Innate Defense Components

  • Physical/chemical barriers (skin, mucus membrane, normal microflora, stomach acid, antimicrobial peptides)
  • Phagocytic/sentinel cells (Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Mast cells)
  • Complement system (20-30 proteins in blood plasma)
  • Innate defense cytokines
  • Natural killer (NK) cells

Adaptive Defense Components

  • Humoral immunity (antibodies) from B cells
  • Cell-mediated immunity (Alpha Beta and Gamma Delta T cells)

Adaptive Defense: Additional Aspects

  • Antigen recognition (specific)
  • Immunologic "memory" (improved response after subsequent exposure)
  • Tolerance ("protecting self" from immune system, and also to 'non-self' antigens in certain circumstances ).

Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

  • Innate immunity is ancient, rapid, involves common microbial structures, and may be overwhelmed.
  • Adaptive immunity is recent, slow, involves unique antigens.
  • Innate has limited memory; adaptive has significant memory.
  • Innate response does not significantly enhance with repeated exposure. Adaptive immunity improves with repeated exposure.
  • Key cells involved are different.

Key Concepts

  • Immune system is essential for life, protecting against microbial invaders.
  • Multiple mechanisms are needed for protection.
  • Mechanisms are linked in an integrated, complex manner.
  • Adaptive immunity has two branches: humoral and cell-mediated.

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Introduction to Immunology PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of immunology, focusing on the immune system's defense against microbial invasion. Learn about the key mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity, their components, and how they work together to protect the body. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

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