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What is a main characteristic of innate immunity?
What is a main characteristic of innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a component of innate defense?
Which of the following is NOT a component of innate defense?
What type of immunity is enhanced by the presence of PAMPs?
What type of immunity is enhanced by the presence of PAMPs?
What is the role of cytokines in innate immunity?
What is the role of cytokines in innate immunity?
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Which characteristic distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
Which characteristic distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
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What type of cells are dendritic cells categorized as?
What type of cells are dendritic cells categorized as?
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How does the complement system function in innate immunity?
How does the complement system function in innate immunity?
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Which of the following is a type of adaptive immune component?
Which of the following is a type of adaptive immune component?
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What is the primary focus of humoral immunity?
What is the primary focus of humoral immunity?
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Which cells are primarily associated with adaptive immunity?
Which cells are primarily associated with adaptive immunity?
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What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
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Which aspect of the immune response primarily functions to protect the body from self-antigens?
Which aspect of the immune response primarily functions to protect the body from self-antigens?
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What type of immunity typically takes days to weeks to become effective?
What type of immunity typically takes days to weeks to become effective?
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How does the effectiveness of adaptive immunity change with exposure to pathogens?
How does the effectiveness of adaptive immunity change with exposure to pathogens?
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What characterizes the evolutionary history of innate immunity?
What characterizes the evolutionary history of innate immunity?
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What type of cells does cell-mediated immunity involve to eliminate viral infections?
What type of cells does cell-mediated immunity involve to eliminate viral infections?
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What is primarily targeted by Helper T cells in adaptive immunity?
What is primarily targeted by Helper T cells in adaptive immunity?
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Which of the following is a function of antibodies?
Which of the following is a function of antibodies?
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What do MHC molecules primarily do in the context of adaptive immunity?
What do MHC molecules primarily do in the context of adaptive immunity?
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Which of the following describes the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
Which of the following describes the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
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Which hypersensitivity reaction is associated with autoimmune diseases?
Which hypersensitivity reaction is associated with autoimmune diseases?
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What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?
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What percentage of the final grade is attributed to noncumulative examinations?
What percentage of the final grade is attributed to noncumulative examinations?
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What is a key feature of immunodeficiency disorders?
What is a key feature of immunodeficiency disorders?
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Which mechanism do pathogens commonly use to evade the immune response?
Which mechanism do pathogens commonly use to evade the immune response?
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What is the primary focus of the course in immunology?
What is the primary focus of the course in immunology?
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Which of the following individuals is known for the development of the term 'vaccination'?
Which of the following individuals is known for the development of the term 'vaccination'?
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What characterizes a primary pathogen?
What characterizes a primary pathogen?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by immediate responses and includes mechanisms like inflammation and phagocytosis?
Which type of immunity is characterized by immediate responses and includes mechanisms like inflammation and phagocytosis?
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What was the significant outcome of Pasteur's fowl cholera experiment?
What was the significant outcome of Pasteur's fowl cholera experiment?
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Which pair correctly represents the two main arms of the adaptive immune response?
Which pair correctly represents the two main arms of the adaptive immune response?
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What is characterized by the immune system’s ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens after initial exposure?
What is characterized by the immune system’s ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens after initial exposure?
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Which type of pathogen is defined as only causing disease when administered in high doses?
Which type of pathogen is defined as only causing disease when administered in high doses?
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What type of microorganisms are classified as commensals?
What type of microorganisms are classified as commensals?
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Which of the following is NOT a major component of the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a major component of the adaptive immune system?
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Which immune response is characterized by multiple biochemical mechanisms working together?
Which immune response is characterized by multiple biochemical mechanisms working together?
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What defines cytokines in the context of immune response?
What defines cytokines in the context of immune response?
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Which aspect is NOT typically covered in an introductory course on immunology?
Which aspect is NOT typically covered in an introductory course on immunology?
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What role did Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith contribute to vaccine development?
What role did Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith contribute to vaccine development?
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Which statement best describes the role of the innate immune system?
Which statement best describes the role of the innate immune system?
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What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?
What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?
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Which of the following characteristics pertains to innate immunity?
Which of the following characteristics pertains to innate immunity?
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What type of immunity is primarily involved in the production of antibodies?
What type of immunity is primarily involved in the production of antibodies?
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Which cells are considered antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Which cells are considered antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
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Which types of T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
Which types of T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
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What is a notable difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
What is a notable difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
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Which of the following describes 'immunologic memory' in adaptive immunity?
Which of the following describes 'immunologic memory' in adaptive immunity?
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What is one characteristic of the adaptive immune system not found in the innate immune system?
What is one characteristic of the adaptive immune system not found in the innate immune system?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Immunology
- The immune system defends animals against microbial invasion, crucial for life.
- Multiple mechanisms (innate and adaptive) are essential.
- Major defense mechanisms work together as interconnected networks.
- Adaptive immunity has two types: humoral and cell-mediated.
- Humoral immunity targets bacterial invaders, involving antibodies circulating in body fluids (especially blood).
- Antibodies bind to bacteria, marking them for destruction.
- Cell-mediated immunity regulates innate and adaptive immune responses via cytokines, and involves cells (like cytotoxic T cells) destroying abnormal cells (e.g., those infected by viruses).
- Adaptive immunity can "remember" prior exposure to foreign invaders, allowing a faster and more effective response upon subsequent encounters.
Learning Objectives
- Describe innate and adaptive immunity, noting their differences.
- List major components of innate and adaptive immunity.
- Describe the two main arms of the adaptive response.
- Define antigen, antibody, and cytokines.
- Explain memory and tolerance in adaptive immunity.
Lecture Outline
- Introduction to the course
- History of Immunology
- Microbial invasion
- Overview of innate and adaptive immunity
Course Description
- The course covers current concepts in basic and clinical immunology.
- It emphasizes protective immunity against infectious diseases and aberrant immune responses in disease.
Course Goals
- The goal is to give students an understanding of basic veterinary immunology mechanisms.
- Equip students with tools to keep up with developments in the field.
- Enable students to solve clinical immunological problems throughout their careers.
Immunology Exams
- Exam dates are provided.
- Grades based on four non-cumulative exams (80%), a final exam (10%), and a writing assignment (10%).
- Check Canvas for updates.
Importance of the Immune System
- Sufficient immunity prevents infections. A deficiency can lead to increased susceptibility(e.g., AIDS).
- Vaccines strengthen immune defenses, shielding against certain infections.
- Immune responses are involved in cancer immunotherapy.
- Immune responses cause allergies, autoimmune diseases, and other inflammatory conditions.
- Tissue grafts and gene therapy encounters immune responses as barriers.
History of Veterinary Immunology
- Smallpox variolation in the 12th century
- Rinderpest inoculations in 1754
- Edward Jenner's cowpox work (1798), coining "vaccination."
- 1879 Pasteur's fowl cholera experiment, leading to anthrax and rabies vaccines.
- Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith: role of dead organisms in vaccines.
- Von Behring and Kitasato's recognition of bacterial products' protective effects.
Microbial Invasion
- Microorganisms frequently colonize body surfaces.
- Commensals colonize but don't cause disease.
- Pathogens cause disease.
- Primary pathogens trigger disease even in small amounts.
- Opportunistic pathogens cause illness only under specific conditions (high doses).
Body's Defenses
- Multifaceted and interconnected biochemical/cellular processes are part of the immune defense.
- No single mechanism or pathway comprises the entire response.
- Multiple mechanisms ensure microbial destruction.
Innate and Adaptive Defenses
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense (rapid).
- Adaptive immunity supplements this (takes days to weeks).
- Innate immunity is triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
- Adaptive immunity involves antigen capture and processing, T and B cell activation, and immunological memory.
Innate Defense Components
- Physical/chemical barriers (skin, mucus membrane, normal microflora, stomach acid, antimicrobial peptides)
- Phagocytic/sentinel cells (Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Mast cells)
- Complement system (20-30 proteins in blood plasma)
- Innate defense cytokines
- Natural killer (NK) cells
Adaptive Defense Components
- Humoral immunity (antibodies) from B cells
- Cell-mediated immunity (Alpha Beta and Gamma Delta T cells)
Adaptive Defense: Additional Aspects
- Antigen recognition (specific)
- Immunologic "memory" (improved response after subsequent exposure)
- Tolerance ("protecting self" from immune system, and also to 'non-self' antigens in certain circumstances ).
Comparison of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Innate immunity is ancient, rapid, involves common microbial structures, and may be overwhelmed.
- Adaptive immunity is recent, slow, involves unique antigens.
- Innate has limited memory; adaptive has significant memory.
- Innate response does not significantly enhance with repeated exposure. Adaptive immunity improves with repeated exposure.
- Key cells involved are different.
Key Concepts
- Immune system is essential for life, protecting against microbial invaders.
- Multiple mechanisms are needed for protection.
- Mechanisms are linked in an integrated, complex manner.
- Adaptive immunity has two branches: humoral and cell-mediated.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of immunology, focusing on the immune system's defense against microbial invasion. Learn about the key mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity, their components, and how they work together to protect the body. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
