Introduction to ICT

Introduction to ICT

• ICT includes modern computing infrastructure, components, applications, and systems.
• ICT has revolutionized communication by making it cheaper and more accessible.

Key Uses of ICT

• Communication has evolved from letters to email and social networking.
  • Modern methods include cellular phones, chatting, email, voice mail, and social networking.
• ICT skills are essential for job opportunities.
  • Pharmacies use robots, allowing staff to focus on tasks needing human interaction.
• Education is enhanced through digital tools like digital whiteboards and flipped classroom models.
• Socializing connects people via social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.

Impact of ICT on Society

• Positive impacts include increased information access, improved education via distance learning, better communication via VoIP and email, and IT job creation.
• Negative impacts include job loss due to automation, reduced personal interaction, and health problems from reduced physical activity.
• High costs of hardware and software also present a negative impact.

History of Computers: Definition

• A computer is a programmable machine that manipulates data according to instructions.
• Key characteristics include responding to instructions, executing pre-recorded lists, and quick data storage/retrieval.

Applications of Computers in Daily Life

• Business utilizes computers for project management and communication.
• Education uses computers for remote learning and performance monitoring.
• Healthcare digitizes medical information using computers.
• Retail and trade rely on computers for online sales.
• Government uses computers to improve services like traffic management.
• Arts benefit from computers in graphic design and video editing.
• Banking & Finance uses computers for online banking and stock trading.

History of Computing

• Early "computers" were humans performing calculations.
• The first recorded use of the word "computer" was in 1613, referring to a person who performed calculations.

Pre-Mechanical Tools

• Tally Sticks: Ancient memory aids for recording numbers.
• Abacus: A mechanical calculation device invented in Babylonia around 2400 B.C.
• Napier's Bones: Invented by John Napier in 1614; used for multiplication and division.
• Slide Rule: Invented by William Oughtred in 1622; used for multiplication, division, and trigonometry.
• Pascaline: Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642; performed addition and subtraction.
• Stepped Reckoner: Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672; performed basic arithmetic operations.

Mechanical and Electromechanical Devices

• Jacquard Loom: Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881; an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
• Arithmometer: Invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820; the first mass-produced calculator.
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine: Designed by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834; the first mechanical computer.
• First Computer Programmer: Augusta Ada Byron suggested using the binary system.
• Tabulating Machine: Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890 to summarize information.
• Harvard Mark 1: Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943; the first electro-mechanical computer.

Early Electronic Computers

• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC): The first electronic digital computing device, created between 1939 and 1942.
• ENIAC: The first electronic general-purpose computer, completed in 1946.
• UNIVAC 1: The first commercial computer, designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

Basic Computing Periods - Ages

• Premechanical Age (3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.): Development of language, alphabets, numbering systems, and the abacus.
• Mechanical Age (1450 - 1840): Invention of the slide rule and Pascaline; Development of the difference engine by Charles Babbage.
• Electromechanical Age (1840 – 1940): Creation of the telegraph, telephone, and radio; The Mark 1 computer was created around 1940.
• Electronic Age (1940 - Present): Development of the ENIAC; Four main sections: vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors.

History of Computers: Generations

• First Generation (1946-1958): Used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums.
• Second Generation (1959-1964): Used transistors.
• Third Generation (1965-1970): Used integrated circuits.
• Fourth Generation (1971-Today): Uses microprocessors and GUIs.
• Fifth Generation (Today to Future): Focuses on artificial intelligence.

The Web and The Internet

• The World Wide Web consists of information organized into Web pages.
• A website is a collection of linked Web pages.
• Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.

Web Evolution

• Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web): The old internet, read-only.
  • It only allowed people to read from the internet.
• Web 2.0 (Read-write interactive web): Interactive, with user-generated content.
  • It gives users the ability to control their data, and dynamic pages allow user interaction.
• Web 3.0 (Read-write intelligent web): A connected, open, and intelligent web.
• It will be more connected, open, and intelligent using semantic web technologies, distributed databases, natural language processing, machine learning, machine reasoning, and autonomous agents.

Types of Websites

• eCommerce, Business, Entertainment, Portfolio, Media, etc.

The Internet

• The largest computer network connects billions of users.
• It is the largest computer network connecting billions of computer users.
• A network is a collection of computers and devices sharing resources.

History and Major Components of the Internet

• The internet began as an experimental network in 1969 without a central server.
• Vinton Gray Cerf is one of the "fathers of the Internet."

Major Components of the Internet

• Servers: Provide services to other computer programs.
• IP Address: A numerical label for each device.
• Browser: Applications to view information on the web (e.g., Google Chrome, Safari).
• Domain Name System (DNS): The "phonebook" of the internet (e.g., www.facebook.com).
• Internet Service Provider (ISP): Provides internet access (e.g., Sky Broadband, PLDT).

Uses of the Internet

• Looking for information, email, video calls, online shopping, social networking, etc.

Internet Terms and Definitions

• Internet, Web, Email, Social media, HTML, URL, etc.

Netiquette

• The "proper" way to communicate online.
• Key principles include respect, avoiding slang, proofreading, and respecting diversity.

Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

• Remember the human
• Adhere to the same standards as in real life
• Respect privacy
• Don't abuse power
• Be forgiving of mistakes

Cybercrimes

• Crimes where a computer is the object or tool.

Relevant Laws

• Republic Act No. 10175: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
• Republic Act No. 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012

Common Forms of Cybercrimes

• Copyright infringement and plagiarism
• Computer addiction

Criminal Activities

• Hacking, computer-related forgery, electronic theft, cyberbullying, cybersex, child pornography, and cyber defamation.

Internet Threats

• Hacking: Unauthorized access to a computer
• Malware: Malicious software that infects computers
• Pharming: Redirecting URLs to malicious websites
• Phishing: Fake emails and websites to steal information
• Ransomware: Demands payment for access to your computer or files
• Spam: Unsolicited messages

Cyber Threats and Security Measures

• Types of Malware: Spyware & Adware, Trojan Horses, Viruses, and Worms.
• Identifying a Computer Infection: Slow startup, disappearing files, system crashes, etc.
• Wi-Fi Eavesdropping: Virtual "listening in" on unsecure Wi-Fi networks.