Introduction to Human Pathogenic Bacteria: Extracellular vs Intracellular Lifecycle

What protects intracellular pathogens from humoral antibodies?

Which type of pathogens can only reproduce inside host cells?

What is the purpose of exoenzymes produced by pathogens during invasion?

Which bacteria exploit nutrients in the host cell during their intracellular 'lifestyle'?

What is a characteristic feature of facultative intracellular pathogens?

Which mechanism allows Listeria monocytogenes to spread from one host cell to another?

What is a characteristic feature of obligate intracellular bacteria mentioned in the text?

What is the role of the pore-forming toxin LLO in the context of Listeria infection?

Which bacterium is mentioned as an example of an obligate intracellular pathogen in the text?

What is the primary action of chlamydial elementary bodies (EB) upon attachment to epithelial cells?

What is the primary function of effector proteins secreted by certain pathogens during invasion into host cells?

Which bacterial mechanism of invasion relies on surface proteins binding to receptors on host cell membranes?

What is the significance of avoiding the microbicidal lysosome for intracellular survival strategies of pathogens?

Which bacterial pathogen utilizes effector molecules to cause membrane ruffles in the process of membrane ruffling during invasion?

What is a common strategy used by intracellular pathogens to enhance protection against immune recognition?

How do Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Salmonella species evade being digested by the phagocyte?

What is the mechanism used by Salmonella to evade the host's immune system after entering macrophages?

How do L.monocytogenes and Shigella escape the phagosome and multiply within the cytoplasm?

What is the main strategy used by intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive within phagocytes?

How does Legionella pneumophila differ in its intracellular survival strategy compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Which term describes the Coxiella burnetii compartment where it replicates inside alveolar macrophages?

Which of the following is NOT an obligate intracellular bacteria from the Rickettsiales group mentioned in the text?

What is the degradative pathway involving lysosomes and cytosolic content that plays a role in cellular homeostasis and innate immunity?

Which bacterial pathogen uses ActA, Phospholipase C, and Autolysosome for intracellular survival and replication?

What factor explains the limited niche for bacterial replication in different cell types due to the failure of bacteria to use cytosolic substrates?

What is a common strategy employed by intracellular pathogens to resist being destroyed inside host cells?

Which category of bacteria is likely to possess effector proteins that aid in invasion of host cells?

Phagosomal membrane disruption is a critical step for some pathogens to survive intracellularly. Which mechanism is commonly employed for this disruption?

Intracellular survival mechanisms often involve acquiring nutrients within host cells. What is a typical nutrient source for these bacteria?

Obligate intracellular bacteria have specialized adaptation for survival. Which of these characteristics is typically associated with this group of pathogens?

What is the role of haemolysin C and phospholipases in the escape strategy of Rickettsia prowazekii?

What is a common feature of cytosolic pathogens during cell-to-cell spread?

Why do cytosolic bacteria polymerize actin at the bacterial pole?

What is the immediate result of bacteria entering the host cell in a primary vacuole?

Which step follows bacterial internalization in a secondary vacuole during cell-to-cell spread?

What is the significance of bacteria being free in the cytosol for obligate intracellular pathogens?

How do bacteria facilitate their entry into host cells during the initial stages of infection?