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Questions and Answers
What does the word 'anatomy' mean based on its Greek root?
Which branch of anatomy studies the larger structures of the body without magnification?
What does 'micro-' signify in the context of anatomy?
What does physiology primarily focus on?
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Which approach to anatomy involves studying all structures in a specific body region?
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What is macroscopic anatomy also known as?
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What is the primary focus of the scientific study of human physiology?
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Which term describes the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living organisms?
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What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element?
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Which structure in an atom is composed of protons and neutrons?
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What is the cell membrane's primary function?
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Which term describes the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions?
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Study Notes
Human Anatomy
- Scientific study of the body's structures, observable through microscopy or with the naked eye.
- Term "anatomy" derives from Greek: "ana-" meaning "up" and "tome" meaning "to cut," referring to the dissection of organisms.
- Gross Anatomy: Focuses on larger body structures visible without magnification, also called macroscopic anatomy.
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Microscopic Anatomy: Involves observing structures that require magnification, divided into:
- Cytology: Study of cells.
- Histology: Study of tissues.
Approaches to Anatomy
- Regional Anatomy: Examines interrelationships among all structures in a specific body region (e.g., abdomen).
- Systemic Anatomy: Explores structures within a defined body system that work together for a specific function (e.g., muscular system).
Human Physiology
- Scientific study of body chemistry and physics, focusing on how structures function to sustain life.
- Emphasizes the importance of homeostasis—maintaining stable internal conditions (e.g., temperature, water content, and chemical levels).
- Techniques include naked-eye observation, microscopy, and controlled lab experiments to study functions of structures and compounds.
Homeostasis
- Essential for organisms to maintain a balanced internal environment.
- Disruptions can affect temperatures, hydration, and chemical balance, necessitating physiological responses.
Chemical Level of Organization
- Fundamental building blocks of matter include:
- Subatomic Particles
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Atoms: Smallest unit of an element, defined by:
- Nucleus: Contains protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge).
- Electron Cloud: Contains electrons (negative charge).
- Atomic Number: Equal to number of protons and electrons.
- Atomic Mass: Sum of protons and neutrons, with neutrons calculated as mass number minus protons.
- Example with Carbon: Atomic number 6, 6 protons, 6 electrons, mass number 12, yielding 6 neutrons.
Molecules and Cells
- Molecules: The basic chemical components of all body structures.
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Cells: Basic unit of life, characterized by:
- Formation from single or multiple cells (unicellular or multicellular).
- Differentiation leading to diverse cell types.
- Small size and organized structure.
- Presence of specialized organelles to execute life processes.
- All cells are encased in a plasma membrane containing DNA for genetic information.
Cell Membrane
- Separates a cell from its environment, allowing selective permeability.
- Facilitates the passage of water, gases (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide), and nutrients calmly and efficiently.
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Description
Learn about the scientific study of the body's structures, from the small ones observed with a microscope to the larger structures that can be readily seen and measured. Discover how anatomy involves the identification and description of living things' structures.