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Questions and Answers
Which aspect involves ensuring patients can choose their health interventions?
Which aspect involves ensuring patients can choose their health interventions?
Which of the following is NOT considered a quality of basic amenities in the health system?
Which of the following is NOT considered a quality of basic amenities in the health system?
What does 'responsiveness' in the health system most likely refer to?
What does 'responsiveness' in the health system most likely refer to?
How can patient dignity be assessed in a healthcare setting?
How can patient dignity be assessed in a healthcare setting?
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Which of the following best describes 'fair financing' in a health system?
Which of the following best describes 'fair financing' in a health system?
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What is included in the function of 'stewardship' within the health system?
What is included in the function of 'stewardship' within the health system?
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Which of the following is an element under 'Access to Social Support'?
Which of the following is an element under 'Access to Social Support'?
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Which component does NOT fall under the function of 'financing' in the health system?
Which component does NOT fall under the function of 'financing' in the health system?
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What is the primary aim of a health system?
What is the primary aim of a health system?
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Which is NOT one of the three main goals of a health system?
Which is NOT one of the three main goals of a health system?
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What distinguishes a dynamic health system from a static one?
What distinguishes a dynamic health system from a static one?
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Which of the following is an indicator for assessing the goal of health?
Which of the following is an indicator for assessing the goal of health?
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What does the responsiveness goal of a health system focus on?
What does the responsiveness goal of a health system focus on?
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What is the primary role of stewardship in government?
What is the primary role of stewardship in government?
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Which component is considered part of a health system?
Which component is considered part of a health system?
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Which is NOT a characteristic of a static health system?
Which is NOT a characteristic of a static health system?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of revenue collection?
Which of the following is NOT a component of revenue collection?
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What is an essential aspect to assess fairness in a health system?
What is an essential aspect to assess fairness in a health system?
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What is the purpose of fund pooling in healthcare financing?
What is the purpose of fund pooling in healthcare financing?
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Which of the following describes the service delivery structure in Pakistan's health system?
Which of the following describes the service delivery structure in Pakistan's health system?
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Which of the following describes the process of purchasing in healthcare financing?
Which of the following describes the process of purchasing in healthcare financing?
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Stewardship tasks in a health system include which of the following?
Stewardship tasks in a health system include which of the following?
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What is one of the issues related to healthcare resources in Pakistan?
What is one of the issues related to healthcare resources in Pakistan?
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What is a primary goal of health financing?
What is a primary goal of health financing?
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What is a potential advantage of shifting funds from high-income to low-income participants?
What is a potential advantage of shifting funds from high-income to low-income participants?
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Which factor is not considered when determining 'what to buy' in healthcare purchasing?
Which factor is not considered when determining 'what to buy' in healthcare purchasing?
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What is a key aspect of effective human resource generation in a health system?
What is a key aspect of effective human resource generation in a health system?
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Which area of resource generation involves adjusting to new advances such as new drugs or equipment?
Which area of resource generation involves adjusting to new advances such as new drugs or equipment?
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In the context of a health system, what does 'stewardship' primarily refer to?
In the context of a health system, what does 'stewardship' primarily refer to?
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What type of health service is characterized as being consumed directly by an individual?
What type of health service is characterized as being consumed directly by an individual?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor in delivering services effectively?
Which of the following is NOT a factor in delivering services effectively?
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What is the primary goal of financing in a health system?
What is the primary goal of financing in a health system?
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In terms of organizational structure, how many tiers are there in the health system of Pakistan?
In terms of organizational structure, how many tiers are there in the health system of Pakistan?
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What aspect is crucial for ensuring effective service provision in a health system?
What aspect is crucial for ensuring effective service provision in a health system?
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What is one of the primary responsibilities at the federal level after the 18th Amendment?
What is one of the primary responsibilities at the federal level after the 18th Amendment?
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Which healthcare program receives 66% funding from federal management?
Which healthcare program receives 66% funding from federal management?
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What is a major issue concerning public revenues in the health sector?
What is a major issue concerning public revenues in the health sector?
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What is a challenge faced by healthcare workers regarding incentives?
What is a challenge faced by healthcare workers regarding incentives?
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Which of the following is a common problem with healthcare service delivery?
Which of the following is a common problem with healthcare service delivery?
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Which statement regarding the workforce in the healthcare system is accurate?
Which statement regarding the workforce in the healthcare system is accurate?
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How does the regulation of drug pricing fall under federal responsibilities?
How does the regulation of drug pricing fall under federal responsibilities?
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Which of the following issues is related to health insurance for the informally employed sector?
Which of the following issues is related to health insurance for the informally employed sector?
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Which administrative function does NOT fall under the district level after the 18th Amendment?
Which administrative function does NOT fall under the district level after the 18th Amendment?
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What is the primary reason for corruption in healthcare purchasing?
What is the primary reason for corruption in healthcare purchasing?
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Which of the following indicates the human resources available in Pakistan's health system?
Which of the following indicates the human resources available in Pakistan's health system?
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How is the healthcare system financed in terms of national health accounts?
How is the healthcare system financed in terms of national health accounts?
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What is one key responsibility of the provincial government that differs from the federal government?
What is one key responsibility of the provincial government that differs from the federal government?
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Which term best describes the state of healthcare financing issues in Pakistan?
Which term best describes the state of healthcare financing issues in Pakistan?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Health System
- A health system comprises people, institutions, and resources who deliver healthcare services to fulfill the health needs of a target population.
- It includes formal healthcare services, non-formal services like health promotion and disease prevention, and activities that focus on factors other than health, like education, industry, and agriculture.
Static vs Dynamic Health Systems
- Static health systems try to manage emerging issues with old strategies, while dynamic health systems evolve and respond to changes in demographics, epidemiology, client expectations, private sector growth, and medical technology.
WHO's Health System Performance Assessment
- The World Health Organization (WHO) assesses health system performance to understand how well healthcare systems are achieving their goals.
Goals of a Health System
- Health: Focuses on mortality, life expectancy, and disability-adjusted life expectancy. Fairness is assessed by comparing life expectancy between rich and poor populations.
- Responsiveness: Evaluates the system's response to non-health aspects of patients' needs, including treating them with dignity and providing amenities like access to visitors, newspapers, clean water, and the ability to choose a healthcare provider.
- Fairness in Financing: Ensures cost distribution based on ability to pay, not risk of illness. Assessed through out-of-pocket expenditure and insurance contributions.
Functions of the Health System
- Stewardship: The government's role in overseeing health policy, exerting influence through regulations, and collecting and using health information.
- Financing: Includes revenue collection, fund pooling, and purchasing.
- Resource Generation: Involves acquiring human resources like doctors and staff, physical resources like buildings and equipment, and consumables such as medicines.
- Service Provision: Involves combining inputs to deliver personal health services like prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, and non-personal health services like mass education, safe water supply, and vector control.
Health System of Pakistan
- The Pakistani health system operates in three tiers: Federal, Provincial, and District levels.
Federal Level
- Includes tertiary care hospitals, primary and secondary hospitals, and vertical programs like the LHW program, malaria control program, AIDS control program, provincial TB control program, maternal neonatal and child health program, expanded program on immunization, food and nutrition program, and the DDOs (District Development Officers) responsible for administration and finance.
Responsibilities of tiers since 18th Amendment
- Federal: Generation of national health policy, management of vertical programs (66% funding), international coordination, regulation of institutions and drug control, and administration of some hospitals (20% funding).
- Provincial: Coordination with federal government, supervision of District Health Services (DHS), recruitment, promotion, and disciplinary action, financial distribution, and generation of intelligence and national health policy.
- District: Management of staff, record-keeping, planning, problem solving, developing partnerships, conducting health service research (HSR), and disaster preparedness.
Healthcare Financing in Pakistan
- Sources: Public revenues (28%), development assistance (3%), insurance and safety nets.
- Issues: Low tax-to-GDP ratio, inadequate allocation to health, inconsistent development assistance, limited employer insurance coverage, inadequate safety nets, misalignment between available and needed services, delays in disbursement, corruption, and unsatisfactory incentives for healthcare workers.
Resources of Pakistan's Health System
- Human Resources: 195,000 doctors, 18,000 dentists, 100,000 nurses, 10,000 LHV's, 25,000 midwives, 100,000 LHW's, 36,488 Tabibs/Hakeems, 21,341 Homeopaths, and 537 herbalists.
- Infrastructure: 1142 hospitals, 118,041 hospital beds, 5374 BHUs, 584 RHCs, 1000 MCH Centers, and 400 TB Centers.
Human Resource Issues
- Inadequacy: High dropout rates among female graduates, emigration of male doctors, shortages of specialists, and low incentives in the public sector leading to dual job holding.
- Unfair Distribution: Poor facilities in rural areas.
- Training and Capacity: Lack of merit-based recruitment, inadequate curriculum, and limited exposure to common problems.
Issues Related to Service Delivery
- Service Utilization: Incomplete figures, lack of data for private healthcare, and gaps in data collection between hospitals and primary healthcare facilities.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of health systems, including their components, differences between static and dynamic systems, and the WHO's methods for performance assessment. Gain insights into the goals of health systems, including health outcomes and fairness metrics.
