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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of an open system?
What is the primary characteristic of an open system?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects General Systems Theory?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects General Systems Theory?
According to the systems approach, what happens when one organizational area makes a poor decision?
According to the systems approach, what happens when one organizational area makes a poor decision?
What distinguishes a closed system from an open system?
What distinguishes a closed system from an open system?
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Who is credited with the development of General Systems Theory?
Who is credited with the development of General Systems Theory?
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What is essential for understanding the complexities of health systems?
What is essential for understanding the complexities of health systems?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with complex systems?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with complex systems?
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How should conflicts in health professional education systems be approached?
How should conflicts in health professional education systems be approached?
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What does a system fundamentally depend on?
What does a system fundamentally depend on?
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What aspect is emphasized in the definition of a system?
What aspect is emphasized in the definition of a system?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Systems
- Systems are complex entities
- Multiple interacting parts affect health systems
- Components include: physical bodies, behaviors, workplaces, schools, faith institutions, environment, regulations, policies, socioeconomic conditions, and culture
- Effective health systems require understanding components & their interaction
- A systems approach considers complex system characteristics, multiple stakeholders, and diverse perspectives & incentives
- Balancing conflicts in complex systems, like healthcare professional education (HPE), involves considering varied perspectives and making trade-offs
- A system is a complex whole, where functioning depends on parts and interactions between them
Definition of a System
- A system is a complex whole whose functioning depends on its parts and the interactions between those parts
The Health System (WHO)
- The WHO framework highlights key components (service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products, vaccines & technologies, financing, leadership/governance) for building a health system
- The key outcomes of a health system are improved health (level and equity), responsiveness, social and financial risk protection, improved efficiency, and safety.
- Access and quality are critical aspects.
General Systems Theory
- Introduced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (Biologist)
- Argues organisms should be studied as complex wholes
- Includes a distinction between open and closed systems
- Focuses on hierarchical (nested) open systems, identifying systems boundary, level of organization, components, in and output.
Cybernetics
- Cybernetics is the science of control and communication in animals and machines, crucial for understanding control
- Negative feedback is a key concept in cybernetics
- Negative feedback counteracts deviations from a goal
- Positive feedback amplifies deviations from a goal.
Systems Approach to Management and Organizational Development
- Systems approach implies decisions and actions in one area impact others
- Example—purchasing impacts production
- All organizations are dependent on external factors for inputs
Examples of Feedback Mechanisms
- Return to Service Agreement of UP Manila
- Oral Health Systems
- Phil Health Benefits: extraction cases vs. preventive services
How about Systems Containing Humans?
- Humans have their own purposes
- This can differ from organizational purposes
Types of Complex Systems
- Simple problems have simple causes and linear causality with standard solutions
- Complicated problems consist of sets of simple problems, compounded by scale and coordination problems
- Complex problems involve interactions between determinants of sub-problems, nonlinear causal relationships, context sensitivity, and unpredictable outcomes
Complex Adaptive Systems
- Systems are made up of interacting parts/agents through relations
- Unpredictability is a key feature of complex adaptive systems.
- Interactions are crucial for understanding complex systems, with small inputs potentially leading to large effects
- Action results can depend on initial conditions
- Feedback mechanisms (positive and negative) contribute to emergent behavior
- Time delays in feedback loops are also relevant
- Path dependence and context sensitivity add to the challenge of studying and managing complex systems
Complexity of Health Interventions
- Interventions can vary in complexity
- Simple interventions target clearly defined problems for a targeted group and may have a single cause or mechanism
- More complex interventions may require negotiation, long implementation chains, and lessons learned from previous projects.
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Description
This quiz introduces the concept of health systems, highlighting the complexity of multiple interacting components that influence health outcomes. Learn about the system's definitions, key components according to the WHO, and the importance of a systems approach in addressing healthcare challenges. Engage with critical perspectives on balancing interests within healthcare professional education.
