Introduction to Haematology

Introduction to Haematology

• Haematology: Clinical laboratory perspective
• Includes overview, definition, and explanation
• Definition includes biochemical, physiological, and anatomical aspects
• Considers forensic applications

Key Components in Haematology

• Haem is a central molecule, also known as a porphyrin compound
• Related to haemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs)
• Blood is comprised of cells, water, and other elements
• Haemostasis is also a relevant factor

Metabolic Balance and Homeostasis

• Metabolic equilibrium between the liquid and solid phases of blood influences individual health
• Homeostasis ensures the stability of the internal environment by balancing metabolism and anabolism

Blood Composition

• The proportion of solid and liquid components in blood is approximately 45% and 55%, respectively

Sample Collection Overview

• Involves venous blood, capillary blood, finger pricks, and heel pricks

Blood Collection Methods: Advantages/Disadvantages

• Consider clinical lab tests

Sample Collection Importance

• Crucial for quality control in the laboratory

Haemostasis & Blood Loss

• Hemostasis: blood flow stability to prevent blood loss

Blood Sources

• Blood is collected from veins or capillaries

Laboratory Perspective Overview

• Laboratory tests involve screening, semi-quantitative, and quantitative analyses
• Results are interpreted based on empirical data to assist in diagnosis and clinical significance

Types of Laboratory Tests

• Screening: rapid and simple process
• Screening results are preliminary

Blood Samples in Haematology

• Principal sample: unclotted blood (haematology) or clotted blood (BGS)

Clotted Blood Considerations

• Not ideal for haematology, blood clot contains matrix of fibrin, RBC, WBC, and platelet
• Cellular components get entrapped, leading to underestimation

Sample Collection Requirements

• Requires proper anticoagulants, blood proportion, and sterilization

Serum vs. Fibrinogen

• Serum lacks fibrinogen due to complete consumption in clotting
• Thrombin converts prothrombin
• Fibrinogen is a globulin and antigen, it increasing Rouleaux formation

Accuracy in Laboratory Testing

• Results should be assessed with quality control
• Requires consideration of sex, age and race etc.

Principles and Practices for Haematological Tests

• Principles: chemical and biochemical dynamics of tests

Measurable Test Aspects

• Relate to radius, weight, and speed

Hemoglobin Characteristics

• It: chromoprotein and pigment
• Iron determines hemoglobin concentration
• Destroyed by acids and alkalies, for protein component

Key indicators

• Accuracy informs proper diagnosis

Physico-chemical Properties of Blood

• Focus on physical analysis

Centrifugation

• Achieves separation of solid from liquid phase

Analytical Color

• The intensity of the color correlates to the concentration of the substance being measured

Absorption of Light

• Concentration is related to transmitted or absorbed light

Rheology

• Measures flow pattern in blood vessels

Electrical Conductivity

• Related to genotype determination

Denaturation

• Denatured by oxygen, tempature and acids

Nutrition:

• Pertains to blood quality and properties

Considerations for Result Interpretation

• Patient’s age influences interpretation

Hypoxia and Oxygen

• Hypoxia refers to decreased oxygen tension
• Suboptimal environments affect erythropoiesis

Influencing Factors

• Sex, environment, and statistics influence results.

Clinical Significance of PCV

• PCV: packed cell volume
• Screening involves anemia and polycythemia assessment, calculation of red cell indices
• Screening: used for blood donors and identifying buffy coat characteristics

Disorders of Blood Phases

• Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet
• Blood works as solution
• Haemostasis in body

Solid Phase

• Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets: components of solid phase
• Include increased and decreased numbers
• Abnormal morphologies and immune function

WBC Disorders

• Leukocytosis: increase in the white blood cell count
• Leukopenia: decrease in white blood cell count
• Leukemia: increases and is WBC disorder

RBC Disorder

• Polycythemia: increased RBC count, abnormal cell production

Biochemical

• Anaemia: reduced oxygen and RBC levels

Bacteremia and metabolic issues

• Bacteremia is often loss of controll

Platelet Disorders

• Thrombocytopenia : low platelet level
• Thrombocytosis: high platelet level with clotting
• Thrombasthenia: decrease in platelet count with clotting

Other Hematological problems

• Multiple Myeloma: lymphocytes affect bone marrow production
• Myeloproliferative : metabolism control is lost
• . Abnormal: increase red cells both blood cell
• Hemoglobin: red blood cels Hemoglobin: genetic deficiencies

Hemolphilia

• Bleeding and genetic condition
• Enzyme function and genetic defficiency

Haemoglobinopathies overview

• Disorders or diseases of the hemoglobin molecule
• Haemoglobin soluble inside ref
• Genes must be correct

Introduction

• Definitions and pathogenisis
• Hereditary and sythasis

Solid

• Lack of mutation
• Gentes and mutations affect them

Abnormalities

Once created cannot be fixed and causes death

Aboration

Causes function and cell problems

Abnormal functions

Unsoluble issues in cells

Electropretic Mobilty

Used to detcet issues

SCD and Thallaseima

• Thalasesmia reduces and increases genetic issues

SCA issues

Afect qualitive

Hereditary and persisstence

Leads to issues

HO

Leads to stereophically stable issues

homozygous and heterozygous related

• Issues or states affect

Haemoglobinopaties

• From etimological bases haemoglobin that key words formed by ""ream""
• "geobin".

Haemoglobinopathies

• Is a disorder or disease of haemoglobin molecule molecule is soluble in ref and to is only useful in the rBe and never useful outside the iCF and to must precipiate or crystallize must remain homogeneous in the Solutievo inside the RB.
• topatues as a family of affect molecule outher

Haemoglobinopathies

• 15 addressing tension that to at the gene lewer. The information at the gene level to stored at the gene canh Contains in gene code So in by transcribed errors we some thes
• to mulecule.

Leukaemia

• A type of cancer

Differentiation & Leukaemia

• Problems can occur to blood

Acute Lcukemia

• More in older individuals but younger adults can be affected as well
• Group of cancers characterized by accumalatuon

Problems

• Bone marrows fails

ClASSIfication of Lcukemia

• Acute or Chronic types

Lmphed problems

-A lot are affected

AML in the elderly

• Common in older

CLL and children

Less come

ALL type

Onten occurs within individuals and young adults

AML cells

• Can form or take other places

Accute issues

• Can be aggresive and deadly
• Cells divide and multipy fas t

Accute

• Production of imatture blasts

Genetic and Translocations

• Both causes mutations within the cells

AML tests and testings

Hameological and morphologic

Acquired vs inherent

Genetic conditions can causes disease

The leumica

Affects many of the functions

Mypd

affets many of functions

Treatment of Cancer

• Involves cells and bone marrow

MPD - Ancestry for Leukemia

• Associated to bone level

Contuniation

Desproonate increase leads to the

MPDS

• Increase leads to caner and despornation

Regulatuons

Many factors leads to dysfuncuton

Miosis Related

Clls plasma is often dysrupted

Lckoma

Leads to deifictes

Qunatitativese

Disorders cause many problems

Leckam causes

Mutation and Nutruton

Aute & chronte

Disfucntion caused and cell lines

Increased cel productions

Inhibited to cause

Mps causes

Issues to cell growths

MPDs in public settings

• In public settings, cancer cells are described as 'mad cells'.

MPD Causes

• No particular cause as isolated, but has identified components

MPD mutations

• Changes in genetic information

Viruses

Viruses are toxins that enter the body

Radoations

• Oxygen are free radicals that damages

Zenobiotics

Many foreign subjects causes the disease

Typeses of acute

Cellular level and armorphouses function

Types of Cronite

• Mature levels of desise and function and proflieratiion

Myloid

Divded functions

Lynphic

Problems and infetcons

Types of cancers

Associated to parts of the body

Lab

Diagnosu and investgations

Ine and BGS

Leads to further functions and details

Leukima

Prodution of hiigh TWOC count

Bone Marrow

Can lead to acurante diagnois

Platerets and Platelet Counts

Thrombytes counts functions and function

Platert

Is related to single production

What is a Platelet?

• Platelets are a type of blood cell produced from a single megakaryocyte
• Formed by budding from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in bone marrow
• Approximately 2000–4000 platelets produced from a single megakaryocyte

Functions of platelets

• Prevents blood loss, causes blood clots

Platelets

Counts and proper function

Platerets

Clots

Lacking diludant

Issues can occur

Vein Samples

Problems can arise

Reatment and factors that cause bleeding

• Hemohplia causes for problems

Lack of platelets

thrompcythemi

Lacking diludant

Can have problems

Factors that cause bleeding

Meddicaiisnjds

Platerests

Isues caused by complications can affect

The integration of systems and effects

Automation affects management and quality

Safety Systems

Enhances patient care

IT

IT can be used to store communcations

Operational Effects

Donaration occurs and workflow issues can occur

Accuracy

Data inputted to computers and automation occurs

Traceability

Tags show location

Innervatory

Tracks location and systems

AL Blood Bank

Engagtion affects and helps automation for communication systems

Enagagement

Helps and anazlyses automation and donors

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An overview of haematology from a clinical lab perspective. It covers key components like haem and blood composition. The lesson also touches on metabolic balance, homeostasis, and different blood collection methods.