Introduction to Genetics

<p>Polymerase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenine - Thymine, Guanine - Cytosine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To contain signals for starting and stopping protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis produces four daughter cells, while mitosis produces two. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial DNA codes for proteins involved in cellular respiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to the genetic diversity within a species, leading to variations in traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different versions of a gene that code for the same trait. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence of bases in RNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced telomerase activity is associated with increased cell senescence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess two identical alleles for a particular trait. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the interaction of DNA with histones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In co-dominance, both alleles are expressed equally, while in dominant-recessive, only one allele is dominant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It classifies individuals based on the presence of specific antigens on red blood cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with each pair coming from a parent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karyotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the ends of the chromosome from damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are made up of DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (C), A skin cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They determine the sex of an individual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Y chromosome is only passed down from the father. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of phenylalanine in the liver and bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mRNA is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormalities in the larynx due to a missing chromosome segment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of learning disabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide structural support and facilitate biochemical processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial mutations can be caused by genetic inheritance or spontaneous mutations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with the full number of chromosomes, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse gametes with half the number of chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replicates by separating into two strands, each of which serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of defective egg cells with an extra chromosome 21 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxicity to the central nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A change in the sequence of DNA bases that can be passed on to offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenylketonuria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is found in the cytoplasm, while RNA is found in the nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faulty chromosome separation during meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control which genes are expressed and at what levels in each cell type. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametes are produced by meiosis, while other body cells are produced by mitosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She will be a carrier of the color blindness gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in cellular DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells acquire increasing numbers of mutations as they age, affecting their growth patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells become more susceptible to DNA damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic fibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It explains why males are more likely to have genetic disorders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telomerase adds nucleotides to the ends of chromosomes, preventing them from shortening. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only the O allele is recessive, while A and B alleles are codominant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of copying DNA to produce identical molecules.

The process that produces gametes with half the chromosome number, involving two cell divisions.

The diploid cell formed when a sperm cell and ovum unite.

Variation in genes among individuals, crucial for evolution.

Different forms of a gene found on homologous chromosomes.

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Having two different alleles for a specific gene.

Condition where both alleles are expressed in the phenotype.

An individual can have combinations of AA, AB, BB, Ao, Bo, or oo alleles for blood types.

A and B alleles are dominant; O is recessive.

Traits coded on the X chromosome without Y counterparts are sex-linked.

X chromosome carries over 2000 genes for male traits; Y has about 200.

A recessive gene on X causes color blindness; males are more affected.

Cells can divide 50-60 times before telomere function declines with age.

Cancer arises from mutations in DNA that accumulate with age.

Diseases like cystic fibrosis are inherited via faulty genes; mapped on human genome.

A heritable change in the genetic make-up of a cell.

Complete set of genetic material in a cell, shown in a karyotype.

Process where DNA instructions create proteins, essential for body function.

Single-stranded molecule carrying genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes.

Process where cells use specific genes to perform their functions.

Cells with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Cells with one set of chromosomes, found in gametes.

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, with similar genetic material.

The complete set of chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs.

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes, not involved in determining sex.

The 23rd pair of chromosomes, determining gender (X and Y).

The protective cap at the end of a chromosome, crucial for stability.

A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, leading to toxic levels of phenylalanine.

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA that can lead to inherited disorders, often affecting muscles and the nervous system.

Errors during meiosis resulting in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers or shapes, leading to various syndromes.

A condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, characterized by physical traits and varying degrees of learning disabilities.

A genetic disorder resulting from a missing part of chromosome 5, noted for its crying sound and associated disabilities.

Changes in mitochondrial genes that can occur spontaneously in adulthood, potentially leading to diseases like diabetes or Parkinson’s.

Errors in the separation of sex chromosomes during meiosis, which can result in conditions like Turner or Klinefelter syndrome.

Cognitive challenges often associated with certain genetic conditions, including Down’s syndrome and cri-du-chat syndrome.

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

The complete set of genes in a human being, approximately 20,500 genes.

DNA is a double-stranded helix made of nucleotides.

Specific pairing of DNA bases: A with T, C with G.

DNA located in mitochondria, inherited maternally.

DNA-wrapped histones that form a coiled structure in the nucleus.