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Questions and Answers
Which molecule carries information from DNA to the ribosome?
Which molecule carries information from DNA to the ribosome?
Which base replaces Thymine in RNA?
Which base replaces Thymine in RNA?
What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant red-eyed fruit fly?
What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant red-eyed fruit fly?
What does a Punnett Square predict?
What does a Punnett Square predict?
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Which of the following describes a recessive allele?
Which of the following describes a recessive allele?
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What phenotypes could result from a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a homozygous dominant red-eyed male?
What phenotypes could result from a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a homozygous dominant red-eyed male?
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If a heterozygous organism has alleles 'Aa', what can be concluded about its phenotype?
If a heterozygous organism has alleles 'Aa', what can be concluded about its phenotype?
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Which of the following best defines phenotype?
Which of the following best defines phenotype?
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What is the primary focus of taxonomy?
What is the primary focus of taxonomy?
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Who is known as the 'Father of Taxonomy'?
Who is known as the 'Father of Taxonomy'?
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What does phylogenetics primarily study?
What does phylogenetics primarily study?
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What system did Linnaeus develop for naming organisms?
What system did Linnaeus develop for naming organisms?
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How are organisms classified in the taxonomic classification system?
How are organisms classified in the taxonomic classification system?
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What is the primary purpose of using plasmids in genetic engineering?
What is the primary purpose of using plasmids in genetic engineering?
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Which method is essential for certain laboratory techniques in genetic engineering?
Which method is essential for certain laboratory techniques in genetic engineering?
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What does the term 'mass extinction' refer to in geology?
What does the term 'mass extinction' refer to in geology?
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The broadest category of geological time is known as what?
The broadest category of geological time is known as what?
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Which of the following describes the Phanerozoic eon?
Which of the following describes the Phanerozoic eon?
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What is the smallest unit of time in the geological time scale?
What is the smallest unit of time in the geological time scale?
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Which option correctly describes the use of radiometric dating?
Which option correctly describes the use of radiometric dating?
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What role do antibiotics play in relation to plasmids?
What role do antibiotics play in relation to plasmids?
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What is the phenotype of the offspring produced from a homozygous black bird crossed with a homozygous white bird?
What is the phenotype of the offspring produced from a homozygous black bird crossed with a homozygous white bird?
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What is the probability of obtaining bluish-gray feathered offspring in the described cross between homozygous black and white birds?
What is the probability of obtaining bluish-gray feathered offspring in the described cross between homozygous black and white birds?
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Which of the following best describes the inheritance pattern of traits linked to the X chromosome?
Which of the following best describes the inheritance pattern of traits linked to the X chromosome?
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In humans, what does a Y-linked trait indicate?
In humans, what does a Y-linked trait indicate?
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What is the significance of mutations in the process of evolution?
What is the significance of mutations in the process of evolution?
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If a woman with normal blood clotting has a son who is hemophiliac, what can be inferred about the inheritance of this trait?
If a woman with normal blood clotting has a son who is hemophiliac, what can be inferred about the inheritance of this trait?
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Which statement accurately describes gene flow?
Which statement accurately describes gene flow?
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How many pairs of non-homologous chromosomes are involved in determining the sex of an individual in humans?
How many pairs of non-homologous chromosomes are involved in determining the sex of an individual in humans?
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What is meant by the term 'homozygous' in the context of the black and white fowls?
What is meant by the term 'homozygous' in the context of the black and white fowls?
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Which of the following mechanisms cannot introduce fundamentally new traits to a population?
Which of the following mechanisms cannot introduce fundamentally new traits to a population?
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What type of mutations are particularly significant for evolutionary change?
What type of mutations are particularly significant for evolutionary change?
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Which of the following statements about autosomes and sex chromosomes is accurate?
Which of the following statements about autosomes and sex chromosomes is accurate?
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How did gene flow influence modern human populations?
How did gene flow influence modern human populations?
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What characteristic of genetic drift makes it unique among the mechanisms of evolution?
What characteristic of genetic drift makes it unique among the mechanisms of evolution?
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Which of the following mechanisms works most effectively when there is genetic variation present in a population?
Which of the following mechanisms works most effectively when there is genetic variation present in a population?
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What effect can mutations have on an organism aside from potentially causing harm?
What effect can mutations have on an organism aside from potentially causing harm?
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What is the primary cause of genetic drift in a population?
What is the primary cause of genetic drift in a population?
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What does the bottleneck effect refer to in population genetics?
What does the bottleneck effect refer to in population genetics?
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The founder effect occurs when:
The founder effect occurs when:
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Which of the following statements best describes natural selection?
Which of the following statements best describes natural selection?
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Which method involves humans selecting specific traits for reproduction in plants and animals?
Which method involves humans selecting specific traits for reproduction in plants and animals?
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What can a population bottleneck lead to?
What can a population bottleneck lead to?
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In the context of the founder effect, if a population of birds is split, what will likely happen over time?
In the context of the founder effect, if a population of birds is split, what will likely happen over time?
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What is a key distinction between natural selection and genetic drift?
What is a key distinction between natural selection and genetic drift?
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Study Notes
Introduction to General Biology Two
- This is a first edition textbook on general biology.
Defining Terms
- Genetics: The study of how genes and traits are passed down through generations.
- Heredity: The passing on of physical or mental characteristics through genetic means.
- Chromosome: Threadlike structures of DNA and protein that carry genetic information in cells.
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; the hereditary material in most organisms, having a double-helix structure.
- Gene: The basic functional unit of heredity, carrying information for specific traits and coding for proteins.
- Allele: Alternative forms or versions of a gene.
Base Pairing Rules
- DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides consist of:
- Nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine in DNA, and adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine in RNA).
- Phosphate group.
- Sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA, and ribose in RNA).
- DNA's unique structure allows it to store genetic instructions and direct cellular activities.
- Purines have a double-ringed structure (adenine and guanine).
- Pyrimidines have a single-ringed structure (cytosine, thymine, and uracil).
How DNA Works
- DNA contains genes that determine characteristics.
- Instructions for proteins are encoded in DNA.
- Proteins determine cell structure and function.
- DNA is in chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
- Proteins are made in ribosomes within the cytoplasm.
Base Pairing Rule (DNA and RNA)
- In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
- In RNA, uracil replaces thymine.
Punnett Squares
- Used to predict genotypes in breeding experiments.
- Named after Reginald Punnett.
- Genes and alleles are described and their role explained.
- Dominant versus recessive alleles are explained.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
- Codominance: Two alleles are expressed equally, with both traits displayed.
- Blood type is an example of a codominant trait in humans.
Monohybrid Cross Problems
- Example problems involving red and white eyes, and blood type inheritance are detailed.
Incomplete Dominance
- Both alleles of a gene are partially expressed.
- Results in an intermediate or different phenotype.
- Example: Andalusian fowl feathers.
Sex-Linked Traits
- Traits genetically linked to the X chromosome.
- Y chromosome has no corresponding alleles for these traits.
- Examples: Hemophilia and color blindness. This includes problems with calculating allele proportions for the parents and their offspring.
Genetic Engineering
- Recombinant DNA Technology: Combining genetic material from different organisms.
- Recombinant DNA: Artificially created DNA strand from more than one original source.
- Plasmid: Small circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria. Used as a vehicle for inserting new genes.
- Restriction Enzymes: Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences.
- Ligase: Enzyme that joins DNA fragments.
- Gene Therapy: Using genetic material to treat or prevent diseases.
- Cloning: Creating copies of an organism, cell, or DNA sequence.
Geologic Time Scale
- A reference system for comparing rocks and fossils.
- Measures Earth's history and geologic events. Includes eras, periods, and epochs.
Mechanisms of Evolution
- Evolution: The gradual change in organisms over time.
- Speciation: The development of new species.
- Natural Selection: Some organisms have better adapted traits that aid in survival and reproduction.
- Artificial Selection: Humans selecting organisms with desirable traits to breed.
- Mutation: Changes in DNA sequence.
- Gene Flow: Movement of genes between populations.
- Genetic Drift: Random changes in gene frequencies, particularly in smaller populations.
Gene Flow
- Movement of individuals or traits between populations.
- Influencing genetic variation in populations.
- Example: Neanderthal gene flow into modern humans.
Genetic Drift (Bottleneck and Founder Effect)
- Random changes in gene frequency, particularly impactful in smaller populations.
- Bottleneck effect: Population size dramatically reduced. Subsequent population has altered genetic makeup.
- Founder effect: A small group initiates a new population, which has a different genetic makeup than the original population.
Natural Selection and Artificial Selection
- Natural Selection: Environmental pressures cause differential reproductive success. Organisms better adapted to the environment survive.
- Artificial Selection: Humans select desirable traits in organisms to breed.
Taxonomy
- Taxonomy: The science of classifying organisms.
- Systematic: The study of relationships among organisms.
- Binomial Nomenclature: Two-part naming system introduced by Linnaeus..
- Classification System: Organizing organisms hierarchically (species within genera, genera within families).
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in general biology, focusing on genetics, heredity, and the structure of DNA. Test your understanding of fundamental terms and base pairing rules that govern biological inheritance. Perfect for students studying introductory biology.
