Introduction to General Biology Two

<p>Possible genotypes of offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An allele that is masked by a dominant allele (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All offspring will have red eyes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It expresses the dominant trait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical representation of a trait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The naming and classification of organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl von Linnae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evolutionary relationships among organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binomial nomenclature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From Domain to Species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To splice genes for replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restriction Enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant loss of species diversity over a short time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characterized by the presence of complex life forms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epoch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines the age of rocks using radioactive isotopes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are often encoded by genes carried within plasmids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bluish-gray feathers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crisscross inheritance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The trait is determined by genes on the Y chromosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations are changes in an organism’s DNA sequence that can be beneficial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mother must carry one hemophilia allele (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene flow can introduce genetic variations between different populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 pair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possessing two identical alleles for a trait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Germline mutations that can be passed on to offspring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomes consist of 22 pairs in addition to sex chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributed new genetic variation through interbreeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is purely random and can lead to significant changes in gene frequency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural Selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations can enhance an organism's survival chances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chance events leading to unequal reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reduction in population size leading to loss of genetic variability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small group separates from a larger population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It favors the survival of organisms best adapted to their environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artificial selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A new gene pool that lacks the original diversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequencies of genes will change based on the small group's characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic drift results from chance events while natural selection is based on fitness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of information flowing from DNA to RNA to protein.

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) in DNA's double helix.

Adenine pairs with Uracil (U) in RNA and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

Different versions of a gene.

An allele that masks the effect of another allele.

An allele that is masked by a dominant allele.

A tool used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

When neither allele is dominant and the heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype.

Having two identical alleles for a specific trait.

Having two different alleles for a specific trait.

The physical or observable trait of an organism.

The genetic makeup of an organism, including its alleles.

Trait controlled by a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y).

Pattern of inheritance where a trait passes from a father to his daughter and then to her son.

Trait controlled by a gene found on the X chromosome.

Creating genetically identical copies of an organism, cell, or DNA sequence.

Small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the main chromosome.

DNA created by combining genetic material from different sources.

Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences.

A system for organizing and comparing the history of Earth, similar to the periodic table for elements.

A technique to determine the age of rocks and fossils using radioactive isotopes.

A period of rapid decline in biodiversity, where many species disappear.

The scientific study of classifying, naming, and describing organisms. It involves arranging organisms into groups based on shared characteristics.

The scientific study of biodiversity, encompassing taxonomy and phylogenetics. It focuses on relationships and classification of organisms.

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms, often depicted using tree-like diagrams.

A two-part naming system for organisms, using a genus name followed by a species name. It is a universal standard in taxonomy.

A hierarchical system that categorizes organisms from the broadest to the most specific groups - Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Random changes in gene frequencies within a population due to chance events. It happens in ALL populations.

A drastic reduction in population size due to a catastrophic event, causing a loss of genetic diversity. This can lead to a new gene pool that doesn't represent the original population.

Change in gene frequencies when a small group of individuals breaks away from a larger population to establish a new colony. The new group will have a different gene pool compared to the original.

Organisms with traits that make them better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those advantageous traits.

Humans intentionally choose specific organisms to reproduce, based on desired traits, leading to changes in the gene pool. This is how we get different breeds of animals and crops.

Genetic drift causes random changes in the frequency of alleles within a population. This means that some alleles may become more common, while others may become less common. It is a key factor in shaping the genetic makeup of a population over time.

Natural selection is driven by the environment, favoring traits that increase survival and reproduction. Artificial selection is driven by human intervention, choosing specific traits for breeding.

A bottleneck effect drastically reduces population size, leading to the loss of genetic diversity. It can cause a new gene pool that is very different from the original, potentially making the remaining population more vulnerable to diseases and environmental changes.

The theory of evolution by natural selection, stating that organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more, passing those traits to their offspring, leading to gradual changes in populations over time.

Random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population, especially in smaller populations. This can lead to the loss of genetic variation or the fixation of alleles.

The movement of genes from one population to another, often through migration or interbreeding. It introduces new genetic variation and can homogenize gene pools.

Changes in DNA sequence that can introduce new genetic variations. While some mutations are harmful, others can be beneficial and contribute to evolution.

A mutation that occurs in the germline cells (sperm or egg) and is passed on to offspring, potentially influencing evolution.

Through ancient gene flow, Neanderthals have contributed to the genetic variation in modern humans, affecting traits like immunity, metabolism, and even skin color.

Mutation provides the raw material for variations, natural selection favors beneficial variations, gene flow spreads variations, and genetic drift can influence the frequency of variations. Together, these mechanisms drive evolutionary change.