Introduction to First Aid Basics

• First aid is giving immediate care to someone with an illness or injury before advanced training arrives.
• Anyone can administer first aid in any situation
• First aid can help recovery, and in serious emergencies, may mean the difference between life and death.
• Most of the time, first aid is given for minor issues, but is important for life-threatening problems as well.

Responsive vs. Unresponsive Victims

• A responsive person will move, speak, blink, or react when tapped and asked if they are okay.
• An unresponsive person will not move, speak, blink, or react.

Rescuer Duties

• You can choose whether to provide first aid unless it is part of your job description.
• Always ask the ill or injured person before providing first aid.
• If the person responds, introduce yourself as a first aid provider before touching them.
• An ill or injured person can agree to receive first aid.
• In the event a person refuses help, call 911 and stay until someone with advanced training arrives.
• If the person is confused, unconscious, or cannot answer, assume they want help.

Victim and Rescuer Safety - Assessing the Scene

• Ensure the scene is safe for both yourself and the injured person before administering any care.
• Check for any dangers to yourself or the injured person.
• Determine if others are around to assist.
• Identify who is ill or injured.
• Note the location to tell others how to get to you.

Phoning for Help

• As a general rule, phone 911 and ask for help if it is a life-threatening emergency or if unsure of what to do.

When to Call 911

• Call 911 when the person:
  • Doesn’t respond to voice or touch
  • Has chest discomfort, signaling possible heart attack
  • Shows signs of a stroke
  • Has a problem breathing
  • Has a severe injury or burn
  • Has severe bleeding
  • Has a seizure
  • Suddenly can’t move a body part
  • Has received an electric shock
  • Has been exposed to poison

Exposure to Blood - Actions

• Remove gloves
• Wash the area with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
• Rinse eyes, nose, and inside of mouth.
• Report to a healthcare provider as soon as possible.

Washing Hands

• Washing hands with clean, running, warm water for 20 seconds offers important protection.
• Always wash your hands with soap and water if they are visibly dirty and after removing gloves.

Finding The Problem - Emergency Action Steps

• Check the scene for safety for you and the victim(s).
• Put on personal protective equipment (PPE).
• Check the victim for responsiveness by tapping and shouting, “Are you ok?"

If The Person Is Responsive

• Ask what the problem is
• If the person only moves, moans, or groans, shout for help and have someone call 9-1-1 and get the first aid kit and AED
• Check for breathing for 5 to 10 seconds
  • If they are breathing and don't need immediate help, look for obvious signs of injury, such as bleeding, broken bones, burns, or bites
  • Look for any medical information jewelry which could tell you if the person has a serious medical condition

If The Person Is Unresponsive

• Have someone phone 9-1-1 and get the first aid kit and AED
• If you are along with a cell phone, put it on speaker mode and phone 9-1-1 and then go get the first aid kit and AED yourself.
• Check for breathing
  • If the person is breathing normally, stay with them until advanced help arrives and check for injuries and medical information jewelry
  • If the person is not breathing normally or only gasping, begin CPR and use an AED
• Stay with the person until advanced help arrives

Moving an Ill or Injured Person: Use Caution

• Generally, do not move a person who is ill or injured if you suspect they have a pelvic or spinal injury.
• Only move a person if:
  • The area is unsafe for you or the ill or injured person
  • The person is unresponsive and breathing normally, you may need to roll the person on their side
    • Rolling them onto their side may help keep their airway open if they vomit, also knows as the recovery position
• One way to move someone is to drag them by their clothes by grabbing the clothes near the shoulder and pulling them to safety.

Medical Emergencies - Breathing Problems

• Someone may develop mild/severe blockage of air passages from a heart attack, stroke, or certain injuries.
• Look for the following signs of breathing problems:
  • Breathing very fast or very slowly
  • Trouble breathing
  • Noisy breathing like a whistle
  • Ability to speak only a few words at a time

Asthma

• A disease of the air passages that causes trouble breathing

Actions For Assembling and Using an Inhaler

• To assemble:
  • First, shake the medicine
  • Put the medicine canister into the mouthpiece
  • Remove the cap from the mouthpiece
  • Attach a spacer if available and you know how
• To help someone use ask them to:
  • Tilt their head back slightly and breathe out slowly
  • Place the inhaler or spacer in their mouth
  • Push down on the medicine canister
  • Breathe in very deeply and slowly
  • Hold their breath for about 10 seconds
  • Breathe out slowly

Helping Someone With Breathing Problems - Choking

• Choking occurs when food or another object gets stuck in the airway, blocking air from getting into the lungs.
• In adults, choking is often caused by food, and in children, it can be caused by food or other objects.

Mild Airway Block

• Can talk or make sounds
• Can cough loudly
• The action is to stand by and let the person cough
• Phone 9-1-1 if you're worried about the person's breathing

Severe Airway Block

• Cannot breathe, talk, or make sounds
• Has a silent cough
• Makes the choking sign
• The actions are to act quickly, and following steps to help an adult, child, or infant with a severe airway block

Choking - Actions For Adult or Child

• Ask if they are choking, if they nod help them
• Stand/kneel and wrap your arms around their waist so your fists are in front
• Make a fist with one hand
• Place thumb side of the fist slightly above belly button and well below the breastbone
• Grasp the fist with your other hand and give quick upward thrusts into the abdomen.
• Continue thrusts until the object is forced out and they can breathe or until they becomes unresponsive
• If it is clear the victim is pregnant or very large start chest thrusts

Help a Choking Infant With a Severe Airway Block

• Hold the infant face down on your forearm and support the head and jaw with your hand
• Give up to 5 back slaps with the heel of your other hand, between the infant's shoulder blades
• If that does not work, turn the infant onto their back, supporting the head
• Give up to 5 chest thrusts, using 2 fingers of your other hand to push on the chest in the same place you push during CPR
• Repeat 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts until they breath or become unresponsive

Unresponsive, no breathing or only gasping should get CPR

Allergic Reactions

• Many allergic reactions are mild, but can become severe in minutes

Mild Allergic Reaction

• Stuffy nose
• Sneezing
• Itching around the eyes, skin, or a rash

Severe Allergic Reaction

• Trouble breathing
• Swelling of the mouth/face
• Signs of shock

Actions For an Epinephrine Pen

• Get the prescribed epinephrine pen
• Follow the instructions on the pen holding it in your fist without touching either end because the needle comes out of one end.
• The injection may be given through clothes or on bare skin.
• Take off the safety cap
• Press the tip hard against the side of the person’s thigh around halfway
• Hold the pen in place for about 3 seconds dependent on manufacturers instructions
• Pull the pen straight out without covering the end that has been against the person's thigh.
• Rub the injection sport for about 10 seconds
• Note the time of the inject and give the pen to the emergency responders for disposal.
• Call 9-1-1 if the person doesn’t get better or if there is a delay greater than 10 minutes and consider a second dose if available.

Heart Attack

• Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide
• You must act fast if someone shows signs of a heart attack, even if they don't want you to, and phone 9-1-1 immediately
• The first minutes are critical as the person may worsen and die, but available treatments will be more successful if given quickly.

Signs or Symptoms

• Chest discomfort
• Uncomfortable pressure (pain, squeezing)
• Arm, back or jaw pain
• Shortness of breath
• Flu like symptoms

Less Typical Signs

• An ache in chest, heartburn or indigestion
• An uncomfortable feeling in the back, jaw, neck or shoulder
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea or vomiting

Difference Between Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest

• A heart attack is a clot problem that occurs when a clot blocks blood flow.
• A sudden cardiac arrest is a rhythm problem that occurs when the heart malfunctions and stops beating.

Heart Attack Action Steps

• Call 911
• Stay calm and rest
• Get a first aid kit and AED
• If they have no allergy to aspirin, serious bleeding and no sign of a stroke, have them chew or swallow 1 adult or 2 low-dose aspirins.
• Be ready for CPR, and give hands-only if you don't know how to perform it correctly.

Fainting

• A short period when a person stops responding for less than a minute, usually caused by not enough blood going to the brain.
• Common fainting conditions: -Standing without moving for a long time -Heart Condition -Suddenly standing bending down -Receiving bad news

Fainting Action Steps

• List the steps if a person is dizzy but still responds:
• Help them lie fat on the floor
• Call 9-1-1 if they don't improve or become unresponsive over 1 minute.
• If they become unresponsive know how to provide CPR

Diabetes and Low Blood Sugar

• Diabetes is a disease that affects the blood sugar level, in which too much or too little can cause problems.
• Low blood sugar occurs if a person with diabetes has not eaten/vomiting has no gotten enough food for their activity level, or they have injected too much insulin

Low Blood Sugar Action Steps

• If they can sit up and swallow have them, drink or eat sugar something with sugar that can rapidly restore blood sugar
• These include:
  • Glucose Tablets
  • Orange Juice
  • Soft Chewy Candy
  • Jelly Beans
  • Fruit Leather
• If they cannot sit up or swallow, don't force them
  • Have them sit or quietly or lie down
  • Call 9-1-1 if the person does not improve in 10 minutes

Stroke

• Strokes occur when blood stops flowing to a part of the brain via bleeding or a blockage
• Recognizing sings quickly and getting help is of the utmost importance

Warning signs of a stroke: FAST

• F-Face Drooping Does one side of the face droop or is it numb?
• A- Arm weakness Is one are weak or numb?
• S- Speech difficulty Is speech slurred?
• T- Time to Phone 9-1-1 If someone shows the signs of a stroke. Phone 9-1-1 immediately

Stroke Action Steps

• Phone of have Someone phone 9-1-1 and get the first aid kid and AED
• Note the time when the stroke signs first appeared
• Remain with the person until someone with more advance training arrives and take over
• I f the person becomes unresponsive if not breathing normally the give CPR

Seizure

• It is an abnormal electrical activity in the brain, sometimes caused by epilepsy or when the heart suddenly stops beating
• Most Seizures stop with minutes

Signs include

• Los of muscle control
• Jerking movement of the arms, legs and sometimes other parts of the body
• Fall to the ground
• Show Stopping

Seizure Action Steps

• The scene is safe. Phone of have Someone phone 9-1-1
• Move all furniture out of the way
• Place a small pad or head
• I f the person has difficultty with breathing and you suspect vomiting the person should roll over and she has fluids on there mounth

Mouth Problems Action Steps

• Get a first aid kit use a PPE
• If bleeding its possible to add something

Injury Emergancies External Bleeding

• It often looks worse then it is in reality
• And losing a lost amount of blood requires pressure

Steps For Injury

• Make your Scene safe
• Then use PPE
• Try to have the patients put pressure apply dressing

Steps For Severe Blood Lose

• Get all PPE on and use protection for are self
• phone the number
• Be as carefull as needed
• Once the injury is over
• Stop the bleeding

Shock

• Shocks Develops when there is not enough blood flowing to the cells of the body.
• Someone with a shock could pass out any way
• Make sure the the is nothing like powerline s hitting as and that the body has power flowing through it from it self
• The body should use protection as needed.

How to stop from a nose bleed.

• Try to sit the body up
• pinch the nose and wait for the bleeding to stop
• Do not touch for 15 minutes

Tooth Injury

• They come with choking
• Make sure the scene is safe
• get all ppe
• Check the teeth for loose parts chips etc
• See a dentist is you see any problems for the jaw line etc.
• Protect all areas for your self and others
• Put the tooth in balance water etc

Eye Injury

• When the the direct hits could be cause from a many sources

Acton steps for toxic eye issue.

• Get ppe
• Call 911 for help with any problems.
• Have running water to clean
• Test for any problems for any body as need

Penetration injuries

• Is a object is stuck with the body to cause infection.
• See the the body is alright
• Put a bandage on it to keep are as still as possible

Amputation

• When parts are cut off
• Always find all parts before hand
• Store the parts by put ting the the bag with water.
• Mark the bag the time and date.

Internal Bleeding

• Suspect the when the body is cut and you are injured
• Head injuries need to be protected
• And give CPR as needed for are self and others
• Be cautious on every are that have been injured

Concussion

• When hit the head and hurt the skull hard.
• May have memory loss etc.

Suspect a Head Injury Is

• Felt from hight
• was hit on head
• Was diving
• Car crash

Check Signs For head

• Check the bone is stable
• And ask to have somebody pick everything up

Sprain

• Joint happen when the joint move in a bad way
• With and X ray to confirm the injury should make use do are and the same action even if we are unsure

Steps For spran

• Set the Scene safely
• Use PPE
• Clean are as well
• Be sure to call 9-1-1 if are are not sure what to do