Introduction to Eye Examination

Study Notes

Early detection of eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration enhances treatment efficacy when conditions are at their most manageable stage.
Eye exams can uncover risk factors linked to eye diseases, allowing for timely preventative measures.
Certain eye diseases may signal underlying health issues, such as diabetes or hypertension, making eye exams vital for overall health monitoring.
Identification of refractive errors, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism, can lead to improved vision through corrective lenses.

Past Eye History: Document any previous surgeries, injuries, or conditions affecting the eyes.
Family History: Inquire about the presence of eye diseases among family members, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration.
Medical History: Assess any health conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or autoimmune disorders that could impact eye health.
Medication Use: Note any prescribed medications, including over-the-counter options, as they might affect eye conditions.

Inspection: Check eyelids, eyelashes, and surrounding skin for inflammation, redness, or discharge.
Palpation: Assess tenderness or masses in the eyelids and adjacent structures.
Conjunctiva and Sclera: Observe for redness, inflammation, discharge, and check for foreign bodies or corneal abrasions.

Visual Acuity: Utilize a Snellen eye chart to measure the ability to discern letters or symbols at varying distances.
Refractive Status: Use a retinoscope or automated refractor to determine the eye's focusing power.

Extraocular Muscle Movements: Evaluate the ability of the eyes to move in all directions.
Cover Test: Check eye alignment by covering one eye and observing the movement of the other.
Stereopsis: Assess depth perception and the ability to perceive three-dimensionality.

Cornea: Inspect for clarity, shape, surface integrity, and potential scarring or deposits.
Iris: Examine the color, pattern, and reactivity of the iris and pupil size.
Lens: Assess clarity and shape of the lens for cataracts or opacities.
Anterior Chamber: Evaluate depth and clarity of the space between the cornea and iris.

Optic Nerve: Analyze the optic nerve head's size, shape, and color for possible damage indicators.
Macula: Examine the central retina region (macula) for signs of degeneration or abnormalities.