Introduction to Epidemiology Lecture
55 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the result of homozygous inheritance of the gene related to Overo lethal white syndrome?

  • A pure white foal with undeveloped intestines (correct)
  • A foal with a different genetic condition
  • A pure black foal with no health issues
  • A normal colored foal that survives

    • Which of the following indicates an affected foal with Overo lethal white syndrome?

  • Inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth (correct)
  • Ability to defecate before 12 hours after birth
  • Development of a normal respiratory system
  • Presence of a healthy appetite soon after birth

    • What is the survival outcome for foals that inherit the homozygous gene for Overo?

  • Foals thrive with no health issues
  • Foals survive but require special feeding techniques
  • Foals are unlikely to survive due to severe health complications (correct)
  • Foals can survive with proper medical care

    • What percentage of American Paints carry the gene mutation leading to Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>10.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspects of Overo lethal white syndrome are relevant to epidemiology?

    <p>Genetic testing and breeding practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does epidemiology primarily study regarding diseases or conditions?

    <p>The frequency, distribution, and causal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered in the study of epidemiology?

    <p>Political decisions affecting healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disorder is Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>A genetic disorder in horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the elements that epidemiology examines?

    <p>Who is affected and when they became sick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of disease risk, which of the following represents the 'agent' factor?

    <p>Pathogens or contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of epidemiology examines when populations or individuals are affected by a disease?

    <p>Temporal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes what epidemiology seeks to understand about diseases?

    <p>How often and in what populations diseases occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemiology, which of the following factors is not categorized under host factors?

    <p>Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these elements is NOT essential in determining the distribution of a disease in epidemiology?

    <p>How treatment is administered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors does epidemiology examine to assess disease risk that includes genetic predispositions?

    <p>Host factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about agents in the context of epidemiology is most accurate?

    <p>Agents are responsible for causing the diseases being studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of epidemiology assesses the significance of geographical location, climate, and pollution?

    <p>Environment factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of epidemiology helps identify populations at the greatest risk for developing a condition?

    <p>Host characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the clinical signs exhibited by a foal with Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth leading to severe colic signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic mechanism behind Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Homozygous inheritance resulting in the presence of two copies of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of horses has the highest reported incidence of the gene mutation related to Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Specific overo lines showing up to 94% mutation rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point in their development are foals affected by Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Post-birth, specifically in the first 12 hours of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly identifies the necessity of genetic testing in horses?

    <p>It helps identify normal horses that carry the gene mutation and can breed responsibly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is typically observed in a foal with the homozygous gene for Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Death due to severe colic and inability to defecate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the genetic mutation causing Overo lethal white syndrome primarily affect horses?

    <p>Specifically within American Paint breeds and overo lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical sign of Overo lethal white syndrome in foals?

    <p>Inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is most likely to carry the gene mutation associated with Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>American Paints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern for foals that inherit the homozygous gene for Overo?

    <p>Not feasible for the foal to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to prevent the occurrence of Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Genetic testing and careful breeding practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the inheritance pattern of Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>It is a recessive trait requiring two copies of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary timing factor related to the effects of Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Clinical signs are evident at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the main consequence for foals affected by Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Severe colic leading to potential death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary aspect does epidemiology focus on regarding diseases?

    <p>Studying the frequency and distribution of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would be categorized as 'environment' in epidemiology?

    <p>Climate and pollution levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question addresses the 'who' aspect of epidemiology?

    <p>What population demographic is most affected by the disease?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a host factor in the study of epidemiology?

    <p>Age of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemiology, what does the term 'agent' refer to?

    <p>The source that causes the disease or condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does epidemiology assess the temporal aspect of diseases?

    <p>By studying when populations become affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common goal of epidemiological studies?

    <p>To understand patterns and causes of health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does 'distribution' in epidemiology provide?

    <p>What populations are affected by diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that a foal with Overo lethal white syndrome cannot survive?

    <p>Inability to defecate within 12 hours, leading to colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the horse population most affected by Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Only horses with the overo coat color may carry the homozygous gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential breeding practice to mitigate the effects of Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Conducting genetic testing before breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of genetic prevalence, what percentage of certain overo lines may carry the gene mutation linked to Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Up to 94%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is directly associated with Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographical variation is observed concerning the incidence of the gene mutation for Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>Greater incidence in American Paints than in overo lines in other regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical factor is evaluated to understand the epidemiology of Overo lethal white syndrome?

    <p>The genetic line and breeding history of affected horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary focus of epidemiology?

    <p>Understanding the distribution, frequency, and causal factors of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of epidemiology, which factor is categorized as a 'host factor'?

    <p>Age and genetic predispositions of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing the distribution of a disease, which aspect is primarily assessed?

    <p>The geographic and demographic patterns of occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component belongs to the category of 'agent' factors in epidemiology?

    <p>Genetic mutations associated with diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of epidemiology addresses 'when' individuals or populations are affected by a disease?

    <p>Temporal correlation assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the environmental factors considered in epidemiology?

    <p>They encompass the effects of pollution, climate, and water quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of epidemiology focuses on identifying populations at increased risk for diseases?

    <p>Determination of risk factor associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study of epidemiology, which aspect emphasizes understanding the effects of various causal factors on disease?

    <p>Causal inference and mechanisms of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Epidemiology

    • The lecture was on October 28, 2024, at the University of Alberta.
    • The objectives were to understand epidemiology and how it is used, and to apply its basic concepts to an example.

    What is Epidemiology?

    • Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health-related events in specified populations.
    • It also includes the study of factors influencing these processes and applying this knowledge to control health problems.
    • This is defined in Miquel Porta's A Dictionary of Epidemiology.

    What Epidemiology Studies

    • Epidemiology studies the frequency of diseases or conditions, how often they occur, their distribution, and which populations/individuals are affected.
    • It examines causal factors, the reasons behind specific diseases or conditions.

    History of Epidemiology

    • John Snow, considered the "Father of Modern Epidemiology," worked in London in 1854.
    • London in 1854 had poor sanitation, with human and animal waste dumped into the River Thames. This contaminated the water supply.

    Cholera Outbreak (London 1854)

    • A severe cholera outbreak occurred in London's Broad Street region in 1854.
    • Six hundred deaths occurred in the first week of September alone.
    • John Snow investigated the outbreak, tracking symptoms, water supply, and water pump usage.
    • He mapped cholera deaths geographically and showed a strong correlation between deaths and the use of specific water pumps, demonstrating a link between water contamination and the disease.
    • The cholera outbreak was linked to a contaminated water pump.
    • The pump handle was removed in September 8, 1854, and the number of cholera cases decreased dramatically thereafter.
    • The highest mortality rates from cholera occurred between September 13-15, 1854.
    • Data on Cholera deaths in London from 1848–1849 was collected and analyzed demonstrating the severity of the outbreak.

    Overo Lethal White Syndrome

    • A genetic disorder in horses.
    • A specific gene mutation (p.lle118Lys) in the endothelin B receptor gene (EDNRB) causes the disorder.
    • This gene is responsible for the proper development of pigment cells and nerve cells in embryos.
    • Homozygous inheritance (two copies of the mutated gene) produces a pure white foal with undeveloped intestines.
    • There's a noticeable link to the overo color coat.
    • Affected foals have clinical signs such as an inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth, leading to severe colic and a lack of survival potential.
    • Genetic testing is recommended for breeding stock.
    • The percentage of horses carrying the mutation ranges from 10.7% in American Paint horses to up to 94% in some overo lines. This means that the risk of the mutation is significant.

    Epidemiology Applications

    • Epidemiology examines how individuals or populations are affected by health issues; this includes clinical signs, causes of diseases or conditions, time or life stage of onset, demographic characteristics of affected populations, and affected locations.

    Epidemiological Triad

    • The epidemiological triad consists of Agent (cause), Host (susceptible), and Environment.
    • Factors associated with disease risk are categorized as host (e.g., age, sex, genetics, immunity), agent (biological, chemical, mechanical, nutritional), and environment (location, climate, water supply, pollution).

    Announcements

    • There's an interactive lab based on October 25th material.
    • Quiz 6 closes on Wednesday.
    • Quiz 7 is scheduled in labs.
    • Midterm 2 is on Friday, November 1st.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Epidemiology I - AN SC 100 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in epidemiology as discussed in the lecture held on October 28, 2024, at the University of Alberta. It focuses on the definition, study areas, and historical background of epidemiology, including the contributions of John Snow. Test your understanding of how epidemiology informs public health practices.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser