Introduction to Epidemiology Lecture
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of homozygous inheritance of the gene related to Overo lethal white syndrome?

  • A pure white foal with undeveloped intestines (correct)
  • A foal with a different genetic condition
  • A pure black foal with no health issues
  • A normal colored foal that survives

Which of the following indicates an affected foal with Overo lethal white syndrome?

  • Inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth (correct)
  • Ability to defecate before 12 hours after birth
  • Development of a normal respiratory system
  • Presence of a healthy appetite soon after birth

What is the survival outcome for foals that inherit the homozygous gene for Overo?

  • Foals thrive with no health issues
  • Foals survive but require special feeding techniques
  • Foals are unlikely to survive due to severe health complications (correct)
  • Foals can survive with proper medical care

What percentage of American Paints carry the gene mutation leading to Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>10.7% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspects of Overo lethal white syndrome are relevant to epidemiology?

<p>Genetic testing and breeding practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does epidemiology primarily study regarding diseases or conditions?

<p>The frequency, distribution, and causal factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT considered in the study of epidemiology?

<p>Political decisions affecting healthcare (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorder is Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>A genetic disorder in horses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the elements that epidemiology examines?

<p>Who is affected and when they became sick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of disease risk, which of the following represents the 'agent' factor?

<p>Pathogens or contaminants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of epidemiology examines when populations or individuals are affected by a disease?

<p>Temporal factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes what epidemiology seeks to understand about diseases?

<p>How often and in what populations diseases occur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, which of the following factors is not categorized under host factors?

<p>Environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these elements is NOT essential in determining the distribution of a disease in epidemiology?

<p>How treatment is administered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors does epidemiology examine to assess disease risk that includes genetic predispositions?

<p>Host factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about agents in the context of epidemiology is most accurate?

<p>Agents are responsible for causing the diseases being studied. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element of epidemiology assesses the significance of geographical location, climate, and pollution?

<p>Environment factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of epidemiology helps identify populations at the greatest risk for developing a condition?

<p>Host characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the clinical signs exhibited by a foal with Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth leading to severe colic signs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary genetic mechanism behind Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Homozygous inheritance resulting in the presence of two copies of the gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which breed of horses has the highest reported incidence of the gene mutation related to Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Specific overo lines showing up to 94% mutation rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point in their development are foals affected by Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Post-birth, specifically in the first 12 hours of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the necessity of genetic testing in horses?

<p>It helps identify normal horses that carry the gene mutation and can breed responsibly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is typically observed in a foal with the homozygous gene for Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Death due to severe colic and inability to defecate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the genetic mutation causing Overo lethal white syndrome primarily affect horses?

<p>Specifically within American Paint breeds and overo lines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinical sign of Overo lethal white syndrome in foals?

<p>Inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is most likely to carry the gene mutation associated with Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>American Paints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern for foals that inherit the homozygous gene for Overo?

<p>Not feasible for the foal to survive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to prevent the occurrence of Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Genetic testing and careful breeding practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the inheritance pattern of Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>It is a recessive trait requiring two copies of the gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary timing factor related to the effects of Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Clinical signs are evident at birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main consequence for foals affected by Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Severe colic leading to potential death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary aspect does epidemiology focus on regarding diseases?

<p>Studying the frequency and distribution of diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would be categorized as 'environment' in epidemiology?

<p>Climate and pollution levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question addresses the 'who' aspect of epidemiology?

<p>What population demographic is most affected by the disease? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a host factor in the study of epidemiology?

<p>Age of the individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what does the term 'agent' refer to?

<p>The source that causes the disease or condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does epidemiology assess the temporal aspect of diseases?

<p>By studying when populations become affected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common goal of epidemiological studies?

<p>To understand patterns and causes of health issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information does 'distribution' in epidemiology provide?

<p>What populations are affected by diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that a foal with Overo lethal white syndrome cannot survive?

<p>Inability to defecate within 12 hours, leading to colic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the horse population most affected by Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Only horses with the overo coat color may carry the homozygous gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential breeding practice to mitigate the effects of Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Conducting genetic testing before breeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of genetic prevalence, what percentage of certain overo lines may carry the gene mutation linked to Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Up to 94% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinical signs is directly associated with Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geographical variation is observed concerning the incidence of the gene mutation for Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>Greater incidence in American Paints than in overo lines in other regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical factor is evaluated to understand the epidemiology of Overo lethal white syndrome?

<p>The genetic line and breeding history of affected horses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of epidemiology?

<p>Understanding the distribution, frequency, and causal factors of diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of epidemiology, which factor is categorized as a 'host factor'?

<p>Age and genetic predispositions of individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing the distribution of a disease, which aspect is primarily assessed?

<p>The geographic and demographic patterns of occurrence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component belongs to the category of 'agent' factors in epidemiology?

<p>Genetic mutations associated with diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of epidemiology addresses 'when' individuals or populations are affected by a disease?

<p>Temporal correlation assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the environmental factors considered in epidemiology?

<p>They encompass the effects of pollution, climate, and water quality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of epidemiology focuses on identifying populations at increased risk for diseases?

<p>Determination of risk factor associations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study of epidemiology, which aspect emphasizes understanding the effects of various causal factors on disease?

<p>Causal inference and mechanisms of disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Epidemiology?

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

What is Epidemiology used for?

Epidemiology uses data about disease frequency, distribution, and causes to understand patterns and identify risk factors.

What are Host Factors?

Age, sex, genetics, immunity, and lifestyle choices are examples of host factors that influence disease risk.

What are Agent Factors?

These agents can be biological like bacteria or viruses, chemical like toxins, or physical like radiation.

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What are Environmental Factors?

The environment includes geographic location, climate, pollution, and access to clean water, which can all influence disease risk.

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Overo Lethal White Syndrome

A genetic condition in horses where two copies of the overo gene result in a pure white foal with underdeveloped intestines, leading to fatal colic.

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Intestinal Maldevelopment in Overo Lethal White Syndrome

A genetic condition that affects the development of the intestines, preventing the foal from defecating normally. This condition leads to fatal colic within 12 hours of birth.

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Carrier Status in Overo Lethal White Syndrome

Horses carrying one copy of the overo gene may appear normal but can still pass on the gene to their offspring. The prevalence of this gene varies between horse breeds.

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Managing Overo Lethal White Syndrome

Genetic testing and careful breeding practices are crucial for preventing Overo Lethal White Syndrome. By identifying carriers and avoiding breeding them together, the risk of producing affected foals can be significantly reduced.

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Epidemiology and Overo Lethal White Syndrome

A field of study that investigates the distribution, causes, and control of health problems within populations. In the context of Overo Lethal White Syndrome, epidemiology helps us understand the frequency of the gene, its impact on different horse breeds, and how to best manage the risks.

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Colic in Overo Lethal White Syndrome

The inability of a foal with Overo Lethal White Syndrome to pass feces within 12 hours of birth, leading to severe abdominal pain and ultimately death.

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Carrier of the Overo Gene

Horses carrying one copy of the overo gene, appearing normal but potentially passing the gene to their offspring.

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Epidemiology

The study of disease frequency, distribution, and causes within populations, used to understand patterns and identify risk factors.

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Genetic Testing in Overo Lethal White Syndrome

The use of genetic testing to identify horses carrying the overo gene, allowing for responsible breeding practices to prevent Overo Lethal White Syndrome.

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Careful Breeding Practices

Breeding practices aimed at avoiding the mating of two horses carrying the overo gene, minimizing the risk of producing a foal with Overo Lethal White Syndrome.

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Prevalence of Overo Gene in Horse Breeds

The percentage of horses carrying the overo gene varies across different breeds, with some breeds showing a higher prevalence than others.

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What is Overo Lethal White Syndrome?

A genetic disorder in horses caused by a mutation in the EDNRB gene, resulting in a lack of pigment and intestinal maldevelopment, often leading to fatal colic.

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What is intestinal maldevelopment in Overo Lethal White Syndrome?

This condition affects the development of the intestines, preventing the foal from defecating normally. This leads to fatal colic within 12 hours of birth.

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What is carrier status in Overo Lethal White Syndrome?

Horses carrying one copy of the overo gene may appear normal but still carry the risk of passing it on to their offspring.

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Prevalence of the Overo Gene

The percentage of horses carrying the overo gene varies between breeds, with some breeds having a higher prevalence than others.

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What does Epidemiology help us understand?

Epidemiology helps us understand how often a disease occurs, who is affected, where it's happening, and what causes it.

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What is a Carrier in Overo Lethal White Syndrome?

Horses carrying one copy of the overo gene appear normal, but can pass the gene to their offspring.

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How is Overo Lethal White Syndrome Managed?

Managing Overo Lethal White Syndrome involves genetic testing and careful breeding practices to identify carriers and prevent the birth of affected foals.

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How can we manage Overo Lethal White Syndrome?

Managing Overo Lethal White Syndrome involves genetic testing and careful breeding practices to identify carriers and prevent the birth of affected foals.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Epidemiology

  • The lecture was on October 28, 2024, at the University of Alberta.
  • The objectives were to understand epidemiology and how it is used, and to apply its basic concepts to an example.

What is Epidemiology?

  • Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health-related events in specified populations.
  • It also includes the study of factors influencing these processes and applying this knowledge to control health problems.
  • This is defined in Miquel Porta's A Dictionary of Epidemiology.

What Epidemiology Studies

  • Epidemiology studies the frequency of diseases or conditions, how often they occur, their distribution, and which populations/individuals are affected.
  • It examines causal factors, the reasons behind specific diseases or conditions.

History of Epidemiology

  • John Snow, considered the "Father of Modern Epidemiology," worked in London in 1854.
  • London in 1854 had poor sanitation, with human and animal waste dumped into the River Thames. This contaminated the water supply.

Cholera Outbreak (London 1854)

  • A severe cholera outbreak occurred in London's Broad Street region in 1854.
  • Six hundred deaths occurred in the first week of September alone.
  • John Snow investigated the outbreak, tracking symptoms, water supply, and water pump usage.
  • He mapped cholera deaths geographically and showed a strong correlation between deaths and the use of specific water pumps, demonstrating a link between water contamination and the disease.
  • The cholera outbreak was linked to a contaminated water pump.
  • The pump handle was removed in September 8, 1854, and the number of cholera cases decreased dramatically thereafter.
  • The highest mortality rates from cholera occurred between September 13-15, 1854.
  • Data on Cholera deaths in London from 1848–1849 was collected and analyzed demonstrating the severity of the outbreak.

Overo Lethal White Syndrome

  • A genetic disorder in horses.
  • A specific gene mutation (p.lle118Lys) in the endothelin B receptor gene (EDNRB) causes the disorder.
  • This gene is responsible for the proper development of pigment cells and nerve cells in embryos.
  • Homozygous inheritance (two copies of the mutated gene) produces a pure white foal with undeveloped intestines.
  • There's a noticeable link to the overo color coat.
  • Affected foals have clinical signs such as an inability to defecate within 12 hours of birth, leading to severe colic and a lack of survival potential.
  • Genetic testing is recommended for breeding stock.
  • The percentage of horses carrying the mutation ranges from 10.7% in American Paint horses to up to 94% in some overo lines. This means that the risk of the mutation is significant.

Epidemiology Applications

  • Epidemiology examines how individuals or populations are affected by health issues; this includes clinical signs, causes of diseases or conditions, time or life stage of onset, demographic characteristics of affected populations, and affected locations.

Epidemiological Triad

  • The epidemiological triad consists of Agent (cause), Host (susceptible), and Environment.
  • Factors associated with disease risk are categorized as host (e.g., age, sex, genetics, immunity), agent (biological, chemical, mechanical, nutritional), and environment (location, climate, water supply, pollution).

Announcements

  • There's an interactive lab based on October 25th material.
  • Quiz 6 closes on Wednesday.
  • Quiz 7 is scheduled in labs.
  • Midterm 2 is on Friday, November 1st.

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Epidemiology I - AN SC 100 PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in epidemiology as discussed in the lecture held on October 28, 2024, at the University of Alberta. It focuses on the definition, study areas, and historical background of epidemiology, including the contributions of John Snow. Test your understanding of how epidemiology informs public health practices.

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