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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of enzymes in living organisms?
to speed up chemical reactions without being used up
What is the substrate specificity of enzymes an example of?
the lock-and-key mechanism
What happens to enzymes when they are exposed to high heat?
they are denatured, and their shape is altered
What is the purpose of pepsin in the stomach?
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What is the result of an enzyme-substrate complex forming?
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What is a characteristic of enzymes that allows them to be reused?
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How do enzymes manage to speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process?
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What is the significance of the specific shape of an enzyme in relation to its substrate?
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How do pH changes affect enzyme function?
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What is the role of pancreatic amylase in the digestion process?
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How do poisons affect enzyme activity?
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What is the difference between salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase in terms of their functions?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Enzymes
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up.
- Enzymes are chemicals that work in living organisms to speed up chemical reactions without being used up.
Types of Enzymes
- Carbohydrases: break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars (e.g., amylase, sucrase, lactase)
- Proteases: break down proteins into amino acids (e.g., pepsin, trypsin)
- Lipases: break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol (e.g., lipase)
Properties of Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins, made up of amino acids linked together and folded into specific shapes.
- Enzymes are reusable, not used up in chemical reactions.
- Enzymes are substrate specific, work in a lock-and-key fashion.
- Enzymes are sensitive to pH changes, which can alter their shape.
- Enzymes are denatured by high heat, which changes their shape.
- Enzymes are inhibited by poisons, which block the active site.
How Enzymes Work
- Enzymes bind to substrates at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
- The enzyme and substrate react, producing products.
- The enzyme is released, unchanged, at the end of the reaction.
Examples of Enzyme-Aided Reactions
- Salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth.
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down maltose into glucose in the small intestine.
- Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides in the stomach.
- Trypsin breaks down polypeptides into amino acids in the small intestine.
- Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
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Description
Learn about enzymes, biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, and their types including carbohydrates, proteases, and lipases.
