Introduction to Environmental Science

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes environmental science?

  • A discipline focused solely on preserving natural habitats.
  • The study of interactions between living organisms exclusively.
  • The application of economic theories to environmental problems.
  • An interdisciplinary field studying the impact of human activities on Earth's systems. (correct)

Why is it challenging to use a single environmental indicator to assess planetary health?

  • Environmental indicators are not based on scientific data.
  • There is a surplus of readily available environmental indicators.
  • A single indicator can provide varying information based on location and time. (correct)
  • Single indicators are too complex to interpret effectively.

How does the current rate of species extinction compare to the background extinction rate?

  • The current rate is approximately the same as the background rate.
  • The current rate is significantly lower than the background rate.
  • The background rate is no longer measurable.
  • The current rate is up to 100 times higher than the background rate. (correct)

If the global human population continues to increase, what is an expected consequence?

<p>An increased demand on Earth's finite resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration in resource consumption for ensuring sustainability?

<p>Balancing resource utilization with saving them for future generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary human activity contributing to increased carbon dioxide levels?

<p>Combustion of fossil fuels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major source of lead contamination in the U.S. today?

<p>Drinking water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in manipulation experiments?

<p>To serve as a comparison to the manipulated group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of repeating an experiment by different scientists?

<p>To verify the reliability and significance of a finding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of studying environmental systems, what is meant by 'system dynamics'?

<p>The interactions of systems and components within systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an 'open system'?

<p>An exchange of matter or energy occurs with other systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In system analysis, what does 'flux' refer to?

<p>The change in the pool of money or material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a system that is in 'steady state'?

<p>Input equals output and exhibits no net change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustments are made in a negative feedback loop?

<p>Always brings the system variable back to a starting point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to a population overshoot?

<p>Significant delays in the transmission of information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining biodiversity?

<p>The number of different species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlies all biodiversity on Earth?

<p>Genetic differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alleles?

<p>Alternative forms of genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a mutation affect biodiversity?

<p>It can introduce new alleles into the pool of genetic diversity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fitness in evolutionary terms?

<p>Viability and reproductive success (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of adaptation?

<p>Becoming most suited for a particular environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bottleneck event?

<p>When there is a drastically reduction in the size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are conditions in ecology?

<p>Chemical or physical factors that influence survival and growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are resources in ecology?

<p>Food, water, and oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interspecific competition?

<p>Competition among individuals of different species sharing a crucial resource (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central concept of niche?

<p>The role of an organism in a community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is predation?

<p>Use of one species by another as a resource (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics do ecological communities have?

<p>Any assemblage of populations in a habitat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a food web, what role do single-celled animals play?

<p>Zooplankton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are trophic levels based on?

<p>Nourishment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a keystone species?

<p>A species with a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem, what are the biotic components?

<p>The individuals, populations, and communities that live within the ecosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a disturbance?

<p>A process that causes rapid injury or death of organisms, disrupting the biotic component (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what regions are tropical rainforests found?

<p>Warmest and wettest areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most freshwater wetlands includes what percentage of all wetlands?

<p>91 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does runoff influence Earth's water?

<p>It may move across the land surface in rivers or streams or as runoff, rainfall draining from the land into waterbodies or sinking into the soil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do green plants and phytoplankton have during the carbon cycle?

<p>Convert solar energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by what means?

<p>By lightning and microorganism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes point-source pollution

<p>Is released from a distinct confined locations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur in an overfed body of water?

<p>Fish population decline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal pollution as a result of using water?

<p>An increase in water temperature that reduces oxygen levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Environmental Science

The study of the impacts of human activities on environmental systems.

Environmental Indicator

A measure that reflects the environmental health of a system such as new tree growth indicating forest health.

Biological Diversity

Describes the diversity of genes, species, habitats, and ecosystems.

Species

A group of organisms distinct in morphology, physiology or biochemistry that can breed and produce viable offspring.

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Mass Extinction

Describes the loss of species on Earth relative to the overall number of species.

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Keystone Species

A species that can cause a cascade of extinction of other species dependent on them, resulting in loss of entire ecosystems.

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Sustainable Use

Present-day consumption of resources allows an adequate supply to remain for future generations.

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Greenhouse Gases

Gases trap heat around Earth, warming the atmosphere.

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Scientific Method

The scientific information that we will cover has been analyzed and synthesized through the process.

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Hypothesis

A testable and falsifiable statement about organisms or processes under observation.

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Mass Balance Analysis

Accounts for the inputs and outputs to determine the fluxes in a given system.

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Steady State

Input equals output, and the size of the pool does not change over time.

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Feedbacks

Changes in behaviors are adjustments made by a system in response to behavior or events.

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Overshoot

The stable set point of a system is known exceeding.

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Genetic Diversity

Genetic diversity is the variety of genes, the chemical building blocks that provide the blueprint for how every individual organism develops.

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Phenotype

The physical and behavioral characteristics of an individual a result of interaction between genotype and the environment.

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Evolution

Repeated change in genotype over time, may result in a variety of phenotypes in a species.

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Adaptation

Process of survival and reproduction because well suited for environment.

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Genetic Drift

Random change in genotypes among small populations of a species.

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Biomes

The degree to which water resources are depleted impacts on what form water-related ecosystem that can thrive.

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Water cycle

Water can be evaporated, turn into runoff or infiltrate soils.

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Carbon cycle

Photosynthesis or combustions cycle carbon, what form will it impact biosphere.

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Polluted Nitrogen cycle

A process in which pollutants like Nitrogen move out and change structure in water.

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Point source pollution

Can be released from multiple of locations or pipe stem from water sources or other items.

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Sediments

The action from non chemical pollutants, like sand, slit, clay that mobilize soil being disturbed by housing constructs.

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Thermal pollution

A change to the rate that alters stream lines to get heat, as is done in power grids.

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Generation electricity

A fuel's electrical potential being used to supply the planet with power, or other items.

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Non-renewable Energy sources

Mined and processed and used to supply earth with power.

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Coal

Can supply the grid electricity but can cause the planet air or health problems.

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Fracking

Extracted with water or other items like sand or chemicals for better preformance.

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Nuclear energy

Using uranium to generate power and generate some type of pollution.

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Renewable energy

Derived from power source sun water or other clean types resources to generate power.

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Direct and indirect soloar energy

Solar or water based cycles on planet, requires heat to be pushed to create power or move to create power.

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Passive Soloar energy

Where the sun can supply power without other sources or machine parts.

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Active solar power

Machines are used to supply power using only the sun, includes pumps or water wheels or other items.

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Wind power

Kinetic type wind power used to supply the planet with power and or electricity.

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A power sources issues

Power sources can produce gasses like O2 from the wind, or release toxins from nuclear fallout without being seen.

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Biomass around the earth

From decaying animals all the way down or up from the foodchain with the sun.

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energy efficency

Getting usable work from the planets resources and heat.

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Global climote change

Alters to the atmothsphere, oceans and crysothere by different impacts.

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Green house gasses

Traps differnt levels of heat to get the land to heat better or provide better weather structre for the plants or life.

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Study Notes

What is Environmental Science

  • It is the study of human activities and how they impact environmental systems
  • Activities include large-scale actions, clearing land, overfishing
  • These activities also include individual actions like driving or recycling

The Environment

  • This is the sum total of all conditions and factors. Both living and non-living.
  • Environment can be the area around an organism or person; scales in size from a pond to an ocean
  • Local environment = Area immediately surrounding an organism or person
  • Global environment = the sum of all aspects of the Earth

Interdisciplinary Aspects

  • Environmental Science includes Biology, earth science, atmospheric sciences, chemistry, physics, demographics, and resources
  • Hypotheses are tested with field and lab work

Systems

  • System; set of components (living or non-) that connect
  • A change in one part, affects another
  • Earth is a system, as is an ant colony, or a farm

Environmental Indicators

  • Environmental scientists monitoring impacts on environmental systems
  • Indicator; a measure that reflects the health of the system in question
  • No single indicator effectively assesses the whole planet

6 Categories of Environmental Indicators

  • Biological Diversity: genes, species, Habitats
  • Human Population Growth
  • Food Production
  • Resource Consumption
  • Global Temperature / Greenhouse Gases
  • Pollution Levels

Biological Diversity

  • Approx. 1.8 million known species
  • Number decreasing at a rate that rivals some extinctions events, ex; dinosaurs

The Interconnectedness of Systems

  • Study relationships and interconnects.
  • System dynamics is a concept of a system where one affecting another

Energy / Matter Exchange

  • Envirionmental systems exchange matter (materials) or energy
  • Example Material = Water
  • Example fuels = oil and coal

Types of Systems (Open / Closed)

  • Open: exchanges matter / energy between it / other systems
  • Closed: no exchanges occur
  • Earth; Open/Energy; Closed/Matter
  • Ocean: Open/Both

Understanding System Flow

  • Conduct a System analysis
  • Determine whats going in and out: Whats changed
  • Input/Output/Flux
  • Pool is like an account balance (financial or water etc...)

Steady State

  • Most important to learn if system is steady State; or Input/Output are equal; if pool is even there
  • Many pools in nature are at steady State; including our Water levels or the oceans

Accumulation / depletion

  • If not at steady state; determine the rate as to which its losing material
  • Do so by formula
  • Net flux = Inputs-Outputs

Feedbacks

  • Control or regulation of flows
  • Regulatory Mechanisms result in change
  • Either leads to / or returns to original state

Negative Feedback Loop

  • Behavior reverts system back to starting point

Positive Feedback Loop

  • System will continuously be moved away from the point, often called cycles

Overshoot

  • Natural-world systems experience delays which lead to this
  • Exceeds a stable set point; is important in human / non-pop systems
  • Over shoot can lead to populations passing the carrying capacity
  • Over shoot may result to drastic population crash from Starvation to disease

Regulating Population Systems

  • Population = group of individuals, that are same-species
  • Size of a Population controlled by 2inputs and 2 outputs
  • inputs = the number of births/amount of Immigration
  • outputs = number of deaths/amount of emigration

Formula for Regulation

  • Net Population = Input(Births + Immigration) minus Output(Deaths + Emigration)
  • Population regulation comes from both abiotic & biotic components

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