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Questions and Answers
What is the cetane number range for good diesel?
What is the cetane number range for good diesel?
Which of the following processes is used to obtain synthetic petrol?
Which of the following processes is used to obtain synthetic petrol?
What is the primary component mixture used in the Fischer-Tropsch process?
What is the primary component mixture used in the Fischer-Tropsch process?
At what temperature range is the Fischer-Tropsch process typically maintained?
At what temperature range is the Fischer-Tropsch process typically maintained?
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Which catalyst component is NOT used in the Fischer-Tropsch process?
Which catalyst component is NOT used in the Fischer-Tropsch process?
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What type of gas classification does natural gas fall under?
What type of gas classification does natural gas fall under?
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What is the end product obtained from the upper fraction of a fractionating column during crude oil distillation?
What is the end product obtained from the upper fraction of a fractionating column during crude oil distillation?
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What is a common gaseous fuel that is considered a secondary fuel?
What is a common gaseous fuel that is considered a secondary fuel?
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What is one of the products obtained from further fractionation of heavy oil?
What is one of the products obtained from further fractionation of heavy oil?
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What is the primary purpose of the cracking process?
What is the primary purpose of the cracking process?
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Which type of cracking involves the use of a catalyst?
Which type of cracking involves the use of a catalyst?
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How is the fixed carbon percentage in coal calculated?
How is the fixed carbon percentage in coal calculated?
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In fluidized-bed catalytic cracking, what enhances the mixing of catalyst and feed stock vapours?
In fluidized-bed catalytic cracking, what enhances the mixing of catalyst and feed stock vapours?
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What is a key advantage of fluidized-bed catalytic cracking over fixed-bed cracking?
What is a key advantage of fluidized-bed catalytic cracking over fixed-bed cracking?
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What represents the elemental analysis known as ultimate analysis in coal?
What represents the elemental analysis known as ultimate analysis in coal?
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Which method is used to determine the nitrogen percentage in coal?
Which method is used to determine the nitrogen percentage in coal?
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At what temperature is the fluidized-bed catalytic cracking process typically maintained?
At what temperature is the fluidized-bed catalytic cracking process typically maintained?
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What are the products formed when coal is burned in pure oxygen?
What are the products formed when coal is burned in pure oxygen?
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Which of the following describes thermal cracking?
Which of the following describes thermal cracking?
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In the Kjeldahl method, what is the role of K2SO4?
In the Kjeldahl method, what is the role of K2SO4?
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What type of hydrocarbons are primarily produced from the cracking process?
What type of hydrocarbons are primarily produced from the cracking process?
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Why is the increase in weight of KOH and CaCl2 significant in determining carbon and hydrogen?
Why is the increase in weight of KOH and CaCl2 significant in determining carbon and hydrogen?
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What does a higher percentage of carbon and hydrogen in coal imply?
What does a higher percentage of carbon and hydrogen in coal imply?
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What calculation yields the percentage of carbon in coal after combustion?
What calculation yields the percentage of carbon in coal after combustion?
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What is one reason that excess methanol needs to be used in the reaction?
What is one reason that excess methanol needs to be used in the reaction?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of producing biodiesel?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of producing biodiesel?
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What occurs when water is added to biodiesel during production?
What occurs when water is added to biodiesel during production?
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What is the primary function of lipases in the biodiesel production process?
What is the primary function of lipases in the biodiesel production process?
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What product is formed when triglycerides react with methanol?
What product is formed when triglycerides react with methanol?
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What happens to the glycerol after biodiesel is produced?
What happens to the glycerol after biodiesel is produced?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as an advantage of biodiesel?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as an advantage of biodiesel?
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What is a consequence of using biodiesel in terms of environmental impact?
What is a consequence of using biodiesel in terms of environmental impact?
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What is released during the digestion process as a result of oxidizing organic substances with sulphuric acid?
What is released during the digestion process as a result of oxidizing organic substances with sulphuric acid?
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What is the primary purpose of adding potassium sulphate during the digestion process?
What is the primary purpose of adding potassium sulphate during the digestion process?
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Which reaction takes place when sodium hydroxide is added during the distillation step?
Which reaction takes place when sodium hydroxide is added during the distillation step?
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What is the purpose of back titration in the analysis of nitrogen?
What is the purpose of back titration in the analysis of nitrogen?
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Which substance is formed after the reaction of sulphur with oxygen and electrons?
Which substance is formed after the reaction of sulphur with oxygen and electrons?
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What is the significance of measuring sulfur percentage in a sample?
What is the significance of measuring sulfur percentage in a sample?
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Which ions are commonly used as catalysts during the digestion process?
Which ions are commonly used as catalysts during the digestion process?
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In the formula for calculating the percentage of nitrogen, which of the following is considered as the denominator?
In the formula for calculating the percentage of nitrogen, which of the following is considered as the denominator?
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What makes LPG a popular choice for domestic cooking?
What makes LPG a popular choice for domestic cooking?
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Which applications utilize LPG?
Which applications utilize LPG?
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What is one characteristic of CNG compared to other fuels?
What is one characteristic of CNG compared to other fuels?
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How is natural gas converted into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)?
How is natural gas converted into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)?
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What is one major drawback of using LPG as a vehicle fuel?
What is one major drawback of using LPG as a vehicle fuel?
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Which statement about CNG's environmental impact is true?
Which statement about CNG's environmental impact is true?
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What is the energy density of CNG?
What is the energy density of CNG?
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What is the ignition temperature characteristic of CNG?
What is the ignition temperature characteristic of CNG?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Energy Sources
- Energy is essential for all countries
- Fuels provide energy through combustion
- Combustion is oxidation with heat and light
- Not all oxidations are combustions, e.g., rusting
Fuels and Classification
- Fuels are broadly categorized as primary (natural) and secondary (artificial)
- Primary fuels are natural fuels
- Secondary fuels are artificial fuels
- Fuels can be further classified by state (solid, liquid, gas)
Solid Fuels
- Slow combustion, easy to control
- Difficult to transport
- Safe storage
- Relatively low calorific value
- Slow combustion
- High ash content
- Higher pollution
Liquid Fuels
- Quick combustion, hard to control
- Easy to transport via pipes
- Higher risk of storing
- Relatively higher calorific value
- Quick combustion
- No ash content
- Low pollution
Gaseous Fuels
- Rapid combustion, easy to control
- Easy to transport via pipes and containers
- Higher risk of storing
- Highest calorific value
- Very fast combustion
- No ash content
- Low pollution
Calorific Value
- Total heat released when a unit mass of fuel is completely burned in air/oxygen
- Measured in calories, kilocalories, British Thermal Units (BTUs) and centigrade Thermal Units (CTUs)
- Two types: Gross (HCV) and Net (LCV)
- Gross calorific value (HCV): includes latent heat of water vapor produced during combustion
- Net calorific value (LCV):Excludes the latent heat of water vapor released
- Relationship: LCV = HCV - (mass of hydrogen × 9 × latent heat of water vapor formed)
- Formula for calculation of HCV: HCV= [(8080C) + (34500H) + (2240S)]/ 100 (Where C, H, O, S are the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur respectively).
Coal Analysis
-
Proximate Analysis: Simplest form of analysis to determine coal quality by calculating percentage of moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon.
- Moisture content is the loss in weight of coal when heated to 110°C
- Volatile matter is the loss in weight of coal when heated to 950°C in the absence of air
- Ash content is the residue remaining after complete combustion
-
Ultimate Analysis: Determine the elemental composition (percentage of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen) and calculates the percentage of all elements in coal.
Liquid Fuels (Petroleum)
- Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons
- Classified into paraffinic, asphaltic, and mixed
- Refining involves separating water, removing impurities, and fractional distillation to obtain different components
- Fractional distillation separates components based on boiling points
- Different fractions include petroleum ether, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, heavy oil, lubricating oil, grease, petrol jelly
Cracking of Fuels
- Cracking converts larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones
- Two types: thermal and catalytic cracking
- Catalytic cracking produces gasoline
Knocking
- Knocking is a measure of engine efficiency
- Higher the compression ratio, better the engine
- Octane number is a measure or performance of fuel in an engine; it is a measure of resistance to knocking
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of energy sources, including different types of fuels and their classifications. Learn about primary and secondary fuels, as well as the characteristics of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. Understand the combustion process and the significance of energy in various contexts.
