Fuel and Its Classification

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Questions and Answers

What type of crude oil is composed mainly of saturated hydrocarbons and is semi-solid?

Mixed base crude

Naphthene crude

Paraffin-base crude (correct)

Asphalt-base crude

What is the primary method used to bring oil to the surface during drilling?

Hydrostatic pressure (correct)

Steam flooding

Inline pumps

Vacuum extraction

What percentage of crude oil produced currently is classified as mixed base crude?

90% (correct)

50%

100%

70%

In the drilling process, what is used to force the oil out through the inner pipe?

Compressed air Signup and view all the answers

Mixed base crude oil primarily contains which of the following components?

Rich in waxes, naphthenes, and some paraffins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reaction that fuels undergo when they are burnt?

Combustion with oxygen or air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification of fuels?

According to energy output Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coal has the highest carbon content and calorific value?

Anthracite Signup and view all the answers

What transformation does vegetable matter undergo to become coal?

Peat, lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite Signup and view all the answers

In proximate analysis of coal, which of the following does NOT get measured?

Sulfur content Signup and view all the answers

What is the calorific value range typically associated with wood as a fuel?

4000 to 6400 Btu/lb Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT typically a component of fuels?

Helium Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does NOT increase as the transformation of coal occurs?

Moisture content Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product formed from the carbonization of bituminous coal?

Coke Signup and view all the answers

Which expression refers to the heat evolved by burning a unit mass of fuel while converting water produced during combustion to gas state?

Net Calorific Value Signup and view all the answers

What is Dulong’s formula used for calculating?

Calorific value of fuels Signup and view all the answers

In the context of calorific values, how does the Net Calorific Value compare to the Gross Calorific Value?

NCV is always less than GCV Signup and view all the answers

What is the latent heat of steam used in the calculation of LCV?

587 kcal/kg Signup and view all the answers

Which metals are commonly found in petroleum or crude oil?

Silicon and Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the quantity of heat liberated when a unit mass of fuel is burned in oxygen with resulting products at a reference temperature of 25°C?

Gross Calorific Value Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the composition percentages (C, H, O, S) in Dulong's formula?

They are used to calculate the calorific value Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fuel

Fuel is a substance that produces heat when it reacts with oxygen.
Fuels contain combustible elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
Chemical energy in fuel is converted into heat energy during combustion.

Classification of Fuels

Fuels can be classified by physical state: solid, liquid, and gas.
Fuels can also be classified by procurement: natural and manufactured.

Solid Fuels

Wood is a natural solid fuel derived from trees.
Coal is the most important solid fuel, formed from prehistoric plants.
Coal Metamorphism is the process of transforming plant matter into coal over millions of years.
Coal Formation begins with peat and progresses through lignite, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite.
As coal transforms, its carbon content increases while its volatile matter, moisture, and ash content decrease.
Calorific Value refers to the heat produced by burning a unit mass of fuel.
Gross Calorific Value (GCV) is the heat produced when the water produced during combustion is in its liquid state.
Net Calorific Value (NCV) is the heat produced when the water produced during combustion is in its vapor state.
Dulong's Formula calculates calorific value (GCV or NCV) from the chemical composition of the fuel.

Analysis of Coals

Proximate Analysis determines the percentages of volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash, and moisture in air-dried coal.
Ultimate Analysis determines the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur in coal.

Coke

Coke is produced by carbonizing bituminous coal.

Liquid Fuels

Petroleum or crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics.
Petroleum Formation is derived from the organic matter in marine sediments.
Petroleum Classification:
- Paraffin-base crude contains saturated hydrocarbons up to C35H72, forming waxes.
- Asphalt-based crude contains mainly naphthenes and cycloparaohenes with smaller amounts of paraffins and aromatics.
- Mixed base crude is rich in waxes and contains both paraffin-based and asphalt-based compounds.

Petroleum Drilling

Oil is brought to the surface by drilling holes to the oil bearing surface.
Hydrostatic pressure from natural gas or compressed air can force oil up through pipes.
Crude oil is sent to refineries for processing and refining.

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Description

This quiz explores the various types of fuels, including solid, liquid, and gas classifications. It delves into the composition, formation, and calorific values of solid fuels such as wood and coal. Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of fuel and its properties.