18 Questions
What does endocrinology study?
Hormone secretion and its actions
What is the result of a hormone's action?
Either positive or negative feedback
What is true about most endocrine disorders?
They are mostly treatable
What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?
Fatigue
What is the name of the medication used to treat hypothyroidism?
Eltroxin
What do endocrine glands do?
Secret hormones internally
What happens when a hormone takes action?
It can either stimulate or inhibit a response
What is true about hypothyroidism?
It has many non-specific symptoms
What is the characteristic of catecholamine hormone?
Amino acid derivatives
What is the function of somatostatin and vasopressin?
To inhibit hormone release
What is the type of interaction between hormones?
All of the above
What is the term for the regulation of hormone release?
Endocrine axis
What is the term for a hormone that inhibits the heart rate?
Estrogen
What is the term for the excessive production of a hormone?
Excess
What is the term for the failure of a hormone-secreting gland?
Primary gland deficiency
What is the term for the investigation of hormone diseases?
Principles of endocrine investigations
What is the term for a hormone that stimulates lactation?
Prolactin
What is the term for an incidental finding of a suprarenal mass?
Incidentaloma
Study Notes
Introduction to Endocrinology
- Endocrinology is the study of hormone secretion and its effects on the body.
- Hormones are chemicals that are released by glands and travel through the bloodstream to reach their target cells, where they trigger a response.
- The response to hormone stimulation can be either positive (amplifying the effect) or negative (reducing the effect) feedback.
Endocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands produce hormones that are secreted internally and act on distant cells or organs.
- There are two types of glands: endocrine glands (e.g., thyroid, adrenal glands) and exocrine glands (e.g., salivary, sweat glands).
Major Classes of Hormones
- Amino acid derivatives: dopamine, catecholamine, thyroid hormone
- Small neuropeptides: GnRH, TRH, somatostatin, vasopressin
- Large proteins: insulin, LH, PTH
- Steroid hormones: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
- Vitamins: vitamin A, vitamin D
Mechanisms of Hormone Release
- Humoral: hormones released into the bloodstream to reach their target cells
- Neural: hormones released by neurons to stimulate other neurons or cells
- Hormonal: hormones released by glands to stimulate their target cells
Functions of Hormones
- Regulation of metabolism, growth, and development
- Maintenance of homeostasis
- Response to stress
Interactions between Hormones
- Synergistic: multiple hormones working together to produce a combined effect
- Permissive: one hormone enhancing the effect of another hormone
- Antagonistic: one hormone reducing the effect of another hormone
Endocrine Axis
- The endocrine axis is a complex system of glands and hormones that regulate various physiological processes
- It involves a feedback loop, where hormones released by one gland stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from another gland
Classification of Hormone Diseases
- Excess: overproduction of hormones by glands
- Deficiency: underproduction of hormones by glands
- Hormone hypersensitivity: abnormal response to normal hormone levels
- Hormone resistance: decreased response to normal hormone levels
Principles of Endocrine Investigations
- Timing of measurements: considering the natural rhythms of hormone release (e.g., circadian rhythm)
- Dynamic biochemical tests: stimulation or suppression tests to diagnose hormone deficiencies or excesses
- Imaging: using techniques like MRI to detect incidentalomas (unexpected tumors)
- Biopsy: examining tissue samples to determine whether a tumor is benign or malignant
This quiz covers the basics of endocrinology, including hormone secretion, action, and feedback. Learn about the fundamental concepts of endocrinology in this introductory quiz.
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