Introduction to Endocrinology

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Questions and Answers

What does endocrinology study?

  • Hormone secretion and its actions (correct)
  • The structure of the brain
  • The movement of the muscles
  • The functioning of the kidneys

What is the result of a hormone's action?

  • Either positive or negative feedback (correct)
  • Only positive feedback
  • Only negative feedback
  • No feedback at all

What is true about most endocrine disorders?

  • They are all untreatable
  • They are mostly treatable (correct)
  • They are all inherited
  • They are all life-threatening

What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?

<p>Fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the medication used to treat hypothyroidism?

<p>Eltroxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do endocrine glands do?

<p>Secret hormones internally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a hormone takes action?

<p>It can either stimulate or inhibit a response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about hypothyroidism?

<p>It has many non-specific symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of catecholamine hormone?

<p>Amino acid derivatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of somatostatin and vasopressin?

<p>To inhibit hormone release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of interaction between hormones?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the regulation of hormone release?

<p>Endocrine axis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a hormone that inhibits the heart rate?

<p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the excessive production of a hormone?

<p>Excess (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure of a hormone-secreting gland?

<p>Primary gland deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the investigation of hormone diseases?

<p>Principles of endocrine investigations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a hormone that stimulates lactation?

<p>Prolactin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an incidental finding of a suprarenal mass?

<p>Incidentaloma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrinology

The study of hormone release and their effects on the body.

Hormones

Chemicals released by glands that travel via bloodstream to target cells to trigger a response.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones internally, affecting distant cells or organs.

Humoral Hormone Release

Hormones released into the bloodstream to reach their target cells.

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Neural Hormone Release

Hormones released by neurons to stimulate other neurons or cells.

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Synergistic Hormone Interaction

Multiple hormones working together to amplify an effect.

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Permissive Hormone Interaction

One hormone enhancing the effect of another hormone.

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Antagonistic Hormone Interaction

One hormone reducing the effect of another hormone.

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Endocrine Axis

A system of glands/hormones regulating physiological processes via feedback loops.

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Hormone Excess

Overproduction of hormones by glands.

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Hormone Deficiency

Underproduction of hormones by glands.

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Hormone Hypersensitivity

Abnormal response to normal hormone levels.

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Hormone Resistance

Decreased response to normal hormone levels.

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Dynamic Biochemical Tests

Tests to diagnose deficiencies or excesses.

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Incidentalomas

Unexpected tumors, often found during imaging for other conditions.

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Biopsy

Examining tissue samples to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Endocrinology

  • Endocrinology is the study of hormone secretion and its effects on the body.
  • Hormones are chemicals that are released by glands and travel through the bloodstream to reach their target cells, where they trigger a response.
  • The response to hormone stimulation can be either positive (amplifying the effect) or negative (reducing the effect) feedback.

Endocrine Glands

  • Endocrine glands produce hormones that are secreted internally and act on distant cells or organs.
  • There are two types of glands: endocrine glands (e.g., thyroid, adrenal glands) and exocrine glands (e.g., salivary, sweat glands).

Major Classes of Hormones

  • Amino acid derivatives: dopamine, catecholamine, thyroid hormone
  • Small neuropeptides: GnRH, TRH, somatostatin, vasopressin
  • Large proteins: insulin, LH, PTH
  • Steroid hormones: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
  • Vitamins: vitamin A, vitamin D

Mechanisms of Hormone Release

  • Humoral: hormones released into the bloodstream to reach their target cells
  • Neural: hormones released by neurons to stimulate other neurons or cells
  • Hormonal: hormones released by glands to stimulate their target cells

Functions of Hormones

  • Regulation of metabolism, growth, and development
  • Maintenance of homeostasis
  • Response to stress

Interactions between Hormones

  • Synergistic: multiple hormones working together to produce a combined effect
  • Permissive: one hormone enhancing the effect of another hormone
  • Antagonistic: one hormone reducing the effect of another hormone

Endocrine Axis

  • The endocrine axis is a complex system of glands and hormones that regulate various physiological processes
  • It involves a feedback loop, where hormones released by one gland stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from another gland

Classification of Hormone Diseases

  • Excess: overproduction of hormones by glands
  • Deficiency: underproduction of hormones by glands
  • Hormone hypersensitivity: abnormal response to normal hormone levels
  • Hormone resistance: decreased response to normal hormone levels

Principles of Endocrine Investigations

  • Timing of measurements: considering the natural rhythms of hormone release (e.g., circadian rhythm)
  • Dynamic biochemical tests: stimulation or suppression tests to diagnose hormone deficiencies or excesses
  • Imaging: using techniques like MRI to detect incidentalomas (unexpected tumors)
  • Biopsy: examining tissue samples to determine whether a tumor is benign or malignant

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